Predicting Planck Scale and Newtonian Constant from a Yang-Mills Gauge Theory: 1- and 2-Loop Estimates

Sobreiro, Rodrigo F.; Tomaz, Anderson A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9048263

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 9048263 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9048263

Predicting Planck Scale and Newtonian Constant from a Yang-Mills Gauge Theory: 1- and 2-Loop Estimates

Rodrigo F. Sobreiro¹and Anderson A. Tomaz^1,2

Academic Editor: Shi-Hai Dong

Received07 Jul 2016

Accepted08 Sept 2016

Published12 Oct 2016

Abstract

Recently, a model for an emergent gravity based on Yang-Mills action in Euclidian 4-dimensional spacetime was proposed. In this work we provide some 1- and 2-loop computations and show that the model can accommodate suitable predicting values for the Newtonian constant. Moreover, it is shown that the typical scale of the expected transition between the quantum and the geometrodynamical theory is consistent with Planck scale. We also provide a discussion on the cosmological constant problem.

1. Introduction

Quantization of the gravitational field is one of most import problems in physics since the beginning of the 20th century. The long pursuit of a theory of quantum gravity has generated a variety of theoretical proposals to describe the quantum sector of gravity; see, for instance, Loop Quantum Gravity [1, 2], Higher Derivatives Quantum Gravity [3, 4], Causal Sets [5], Causal Dynamical Triangulations [6], String Theory [7, 8], Asymptotic Safety [9, 10], Emergent Gravities [4, 11], Hořava-Lifshitz Gravity [12], the Nojiri-Odintsov-Hořava-Lifshitz Instability Free Gravity [13, 14], Topological Gauge Theories [15], and so on. Each one of these theories carries its own set of advantages and disadvantages. On the other hand, gauge theories are relentless in describing the high energy regime of particle physics [16–18]. Hence, one can question if gravity could also be described by a gauge theory in its high energy sector. In fact, since the seminal papers [19–21] about gauge theoretical descriptions of gravity, it is known that gravity can be, at least, dressed as a gauge theory for the local isometries of spacetime. See also [22, 23]. Although consistent with general relativity, these models also have problems with its quantization.

In [24] it was proposed an induced gravity model from a pure Yang-Mills theory based on de Sitter-type groups. In this model, gravity emerges as an effective phenomenon originated by a genuine Yang-Mills action in flat space. The transition between the quantum gauge sector and the classical geometrical sector is mediated by a mass parameter, identified with the Gribov parameter [25–43]. The combination of the running of this parameter and the running of the coupling parameter would provide a good scenario for an Inonu-Wigner contraction [44] of the gauge group, deforming it to a Poincaré-type group. Because the original action is not invariant under the resulting group, the model actually suffers a dynamical symmetry breaking to Lorentz-type groups. At this point, with the help of the mass parameter, the gauge degrees of freedom are identified with geometrical objects, namely, the vielbein and spin connection. At the same time the mass parameter and the coupling parameter are combined to generate the gravity Newtonian constant and an emergent gravity is realized. Moreover, a cosmological constant inherent to the model is also generated. See also [45, 46] for details.

The aim of the present work is to provide estimates for the emergent parameters of the model above discussed by applying the usual apparatus of quantum field theory (QFT). We concentrate our efforts on 1- and 2-loop computations. In particular, from the explicit expressions of the running coupling and the Gribov parameters, we are able to fit the actual value of Newtonian constant and to obtain a renormalization group cut-off very close to the Planck scale, as expected to be the transition scale from quantum to classical gravity.

The cosmological constant is an essential point, which can be related to the accelerated expansion of the Universe. Observational data and quantum field theory prediction for the cosmological constant strongly disagree in numerical values [18, 47]. Following [48, 49], we can expect that the cosmological parameter generated by the model should combine with the value found in theoretical calculations by quantum field theory in a way that the effective final value fits the observational data. It is worth mentioning that the cosmological parameter generated by the model is related to the Gribov parameter [24]. In [50], a preliminary estimative for these running parameters at 1-loop approximation was scratched. From this reasonable starting, we develop here a refinement on early predictions and we show a numerical improvement at 1-loop calculations. Further, we improve the techniques up to 2-loop estimates. Hence, we present a best estimative for the Gribov parameter in order to fit the model with a suitable emergent gravity.

This work is organized as follows. In Section 2 we resume some concepts and ideas about our effective gravity model. In Section 3, we present the first results that we obtained for 1-loop estimates. In Section 4, we present the main calculations results for running parameters at 2 loops are performed. In Section 5, we discuss shortly our results and some perspectives will be cast.

2. Effective Gravity from a Gauge Theory

In [24], a quantum gravity theory was constructed based on an analogy with quantum chromodynamics; see also [45, 46]. In this section we will briefly discuss the main ideas, definitions, and conventions behind this model¹.

The starting action is the Yang-Mills action:where are the field strength 2-form and , where is the exterior derivative, is the coupling parameter, and is the gauge connection 1-form, that is, the fundamental field in the adjoint representation. The Hodge dual operator in 4-dimensional Euclidian spacetime is denoted by . The action equation (1) is invariant under gauge transformations, , with . The infinitesimal version of the gauge transformation iswhere is the full covariant derivative and is the infinitesimal gauge parameter.

It is possible to decompose the gauge group according to , where is the stability group is the symmetric coset space. Thus, defining , the gauge field is also decomposed:where capital Latin indices run as and the small Latin indices vary as . The decomposed field strength readswhere and . Thus, it is a simple task to find that the Yang-Mills action equation (1) can be rewritten as

Before we advance to the next stage of the model, let us quickly point out some important aspects of Yang-Mills theories and their analogy with a possible quantum gravity model. To start with, Yang-Mills theories present two very important properties, namely, renormalizability and asymptotic freedom [16]. The Yang-Mills action is, in fact, renormalizable, at least to all orders in perturbation theory [51] which means that it is stable at quantum level. In this context, the so-called BRST symmetry has a fundamental hole. Asymptotic freedom [52, 53], on the other hand, means that, at high energies, the coupling parameter is very small and we can use perturbation theory in our favor. However, as the energy decreases, the coupling parameter increases and the theory becomes highly nonperturbative. In this regime, the so-called Gribov ambiguities problem takes place [25, 26]. Essentially, the gauge fixing² is not strong enough to eliminate all spurious degrees of freedom from the Faddeev-Popov path integral; a residual gauge symmetry survives the Faddeev-Popov procedure. The elimination of the Gribov ambiguities is not entirely understood; however, it is known that a mass parameter is required and a soft BRST symmetry breaking associated with this parameter appears; see, for instance, [30–32, 34, 37, 54, 55]. This parameter is known as Gribov parameter , and it is fixed through minimization of the quantum action, , the so-called gap equation. The action that describes the improved theory (free of infinitesimal ambiguities) is known as Gribov-Zwanziger action [54] and has a more refined version [27, 34] by taking into account few-dimension two operators and their condensation effects.

It is clear that the field has the same degrees of freedom that a soldering forms in spacetime manifold (the vielbein). However, the field carries UV dimension 1 while the vielbein is dimensionless. The presence of a mass scale is then very important to identify the field with an effective soldering form. We will show in the next sections that the Gribov parameter is a very good candidate for this purpose. The next step is to perform the rescalingsat the action equation (5), achievingwhere , , and the covariant derivative is now .

The transition from the action (7) to a gravity action is performed by studying the running behaviour of the quantity . It is expected [24] that this quantity vanishes for a specific energy scale. This property induces an Inonu-Wigner contraction [44]. However, since the action (7) is not invariant under gauge transformations, the theory actually suffers a symmetry breaking to the stability group . The broken theory is ready to be rewritten as a gravity theory. The map (see [24]) is a simple identification of the gauge fields with geometric effective entities according to and . Where the indices belong to the tangent space of the effective deformed spacetime, is the spin connection 1-form and is the vielbein 1-form. Thus, with the extra parametric identificationswhere is the Newtonian constant and is the renormalized cosmological constant³. Hence, the action equation (7) generates the following effective gravity action:where and are, respectively, the curvature and torsion 2-forms. The symbol stands for the Hodge dual operator in (the deformed spacetime).

3. Running Parameters and 1-Loop Estimates

Now⁴, we return to the original action (1) and we take only its quadratic part⁵, considering also the Gribov-Zwanziger quadratic term⁶ [27],where is a pair of complex conjugate bosonic fields and is, essentially, the Gribov parameter. Here we will use since we are building a Yang-Mills for the group. In the future we will employ this value, but, for now, we continue using in general. The parameter is the gauge parameter associated with the gauge fixing. Herein, the limit must be employed in order to enforce the Landau gauge condition; that is, . The choice of the gauge is, in principle, arbitrary as long as the gauge is renormalizable. However, most of the developments in the Gribov problem were made in the Landau gauge [25, 27, 30, 34]. Moreover, the Landau gauge is a very simple gauge to work with. Nevertheless, there are recent evidences that the Gribov parameter is a gauge invariant parameter [40, 41, 43, 56, 57], a very welcome feature for the model.

At 1-loop, the effective action⁷ is defined throughwhich, in dimensions, yieldsTo control the divergences of the quantum action we employ the renormalization scheme to obtainwhereis a more convenient mass parameter. At first sight, this choice is a mere algebraic ansatz to simplify future computations with this parameter. In Appendix B we demonstrate why this choice is actually better than for our purposes. Thus, for , (13) turns toFollowing the Gribov-Zwanziger prescription [28], the Gribov parameter can be determined by minimizing the quantum action; that is, . The result isOr, equivalently,Moreover, the 1-loop coupling parameter is found to be [52]where is the renormalization group cut-off. By inserting (18) into (17) for we findThus, the higher the energy scale is, the smaller the Gribov parameter would be. This behaviour is plotted in Figure 1.

As we have mentioned in Section 2, the ratio between the two quantum parameters, after we combine (18) and (19), namely,with , is crucial for the present model. The behaviour of this ratio is illustrated in Figure 2. It is clear that the expected behaviour is attained at .

The simple inversion of (20) giveswhich shows the running behaviour of the ratio which is displayed in Figure 3. We remark that there is a discontinuity (Landau pole) at . We interpret this discontinuity as an indication of the transition between the quantum and classical regimes of the model. For we expect a geometrical regime while for , the theory is at the quantum region.

To estimate the Newtonian constant and the renormalization group cut-off we emphasize that we are not assigning any running behaviour to the Newtonian constant. According to (8), our aim consists in identifying the ratio with only after an energy scale is chosen. So the Newtonian constant is fixed as an effective quantity.

It is also important to realize that the deep infrared behaviour of Figures 1, 2, and 3 does not reproduce the expected behaviour at zero momenta, as known by QCD lattice simulations [58–63]. In the deep infrared regime the coupling parameter goes to a finite value, that is, an infrared fixed point. However, this extreme behaviour is not relevant for the purposes of the present work.

3.1. Numerical Estimates at 1-Loop

We first follow the procedure performed in [50] where the strategy was not to solve the gap equation by fixing and , which is the traditional way, but to fix the Newtonian constant and find if this is a consistent solution. Nevertheless, for the sake of consistency, we need a coupling constant as small as possible. Furthermore, we must have . Accordingly, we possess a certain range to work with; namely,Let us take, for instance, in (21), which provides , satisfying Ineq. (22). One way to obtain the scale is setting the Newtonian constant to its experimental value; that is, in (21), providingThis result allows us to estimate the renormalized cosmological constant. Combining (8), (19), and (23) we obtainWe notice that the cut-off value (23) is just right above the Planck scale, given by .

3.1.1. Methods of Enhancement at 1 Loop

The main goal here is to calculate the best values for and in accordance with Ineq. (22). To handle this task we apply three methods, labelled by , , and , as follows.

: Taylor Series Method. Let us rewrite (18) aswherefor mere simplification. Next, we expand the right hand side of (25) as a Taylor series at the critical point , that is, , as follows:with as stated by Ineq. (22). We investigate the series (27) under two perspectives as follows.

Perspective (i): The Endpoint Extremum. The series expansion of has radius of convergence equal to 1. Precisely, the alternating series test ensures that the series does not converge at and converges at . Hence, the series is convergent for . Therefore, the endpoint extremum occurs at which happens also to be a global maximum. A curious fact about that series occurs when we truncate the series expansion at even th order: any of these truncations have a maximum at . Again such maximum is a global one and it happens at the endpoint. From (25), it is clear that, by fixing a global maximum for , a minimum value for is set. Thus, with , we obtain and , which are both in accordance with the intervals described in Ineq. (22).

Perspective (ii): A Bound on the Taylor Series for . At this point, we are looking for a certain bound for the series expansion (27). Hence, since , we haveIn this range we solve the Ineq. (28) for several values. We notice that the choices of values are restricted to while is even and where values decrease while even values increase. The values are displayed in Table 1.

Still looking at Table 1, for instance, , , and—as actually we would expect—. However, if is odd we obtain for all intervals , of course, and no upper bound. Hence, we have a confirmation of our first choice for given by .

Besides the best choice that we can perform, we still have freedom to choose any value consistent with Ineq. (22). If we pick, for instance, , we have , which provides, from (21) and (8),These results can be interpreted as a numerical verification of the values equations (23) and (24) due to the fact that their order of magnitude are maintained. In this sense we confirm the first insight presented in [50].

: Equilibrium Value Method. Now we use a simple method of enhancement which we called equilibrium value between two functions at certain point. First, in order to simplify, we take (18) aswhereTo obtain small values for and , we made an equilibrium choice; that is, . Consequently, it providesThus, from (21) and (8), we findWe conclude that (34) and (35) do not show any significant improvement with respect to (23) and (24).

: Method by Geometrical Series. Here we employ a geometrical series to treat the logarithm that will be used. Due to Ineq. (22), we can treat the logarithm in (18) as a geometrical series. First, we defineHence, we can use⁸in (18), providingSecond, we use Ineq. (22) and (38) to writeNow, we test several truncations of expression equation (39) to deal with an th-degree polynomial inequality. Such procedure permits us to find as an optimum valid range. To clarify this point, for instance, we mount Table 2 displaying the evolution of this range, which directly determines the value of the logarithm.

We notice that does not bring any significant improvement for the superior bound of . In this way, we choose as an optimal extreme valid value, which implies that and . With these values and using (21) and (8) we find the following results:Then, decreases by one order of magnitude when compared to (23), (29), and (34). It is straightforward to see how these values can be obtained directly from (38). We stress out that the superior bound for leaves us with an invalid range for .

For the other extreme we choose , providing and . We use these values to findIn this case a better value for the renormalized cosmological constant is found. However, the renormalization group cut-off is the worst found until this point. To summarize all results that we found in each method we built Table 3.

Comparing the numerical values for the cut-off and the renormalized cosmological constant which were obtained through the three methods , , and and listed in Table 3, we observe that the orders of magnitude of those results are almost unchanged. A unique exception occurs to the cut-off in the column , which is caused by the extreme high value to the logarithm .

3.1.2. Fixing as the Planck Energy

We introduce here a different path to find values for the Newtonian constant and the renormalized cosmological constant. In this manner we made all slightly different since we fit the cut-off equal to energy Planck; that is, . Previously, in Section 3.1, we found an optimum logarithm to fix the cut-off and the renormalized cosmological constant. With the help of fixed logarithms and (21) we compute the Newtonian constant for each method as displayed in Table 4.

We observe that all values for are in 1 order of magnitude above . After confrontation with the values presented in Table 2 we notice a better estimate using method , that is, while we apply the logarithm obtained with the geometrical series for . The method ensures the best value for . As a consequence, the price to pay is a renormalized cosmological constant with a higher value than one encountered in the method . However, the order of magnitude is the same while we compare the values for found through the methods and .

4. Numerical Estimates at 2 Loops

For 2 loops, an explicit analytical computation is a virtually impossible task. To work out this equation, sophisticated algebraic programs were built. For instance, FORM and QGraph programs are frequently used as well as the recent developments about such computational packages [64–69]. In this section we borrow the main results of 2-loop computations from [65].

4.1. 2-Loop -Function

First, recalling that the -function at 2 loops [65, 70] is given bythe 2-loop running coupling constant iswhere is the cut-off of the energy scale. The evolution of the coupling , related to energy scale , is displayed in Figure 4.

4.2. 2-Loop Gap Equation

From [65], the main result is the 2-loop Gribov gap equation in the with massive quarks. Here, we are dealing with a theory without fermions. Hence, from [65], the 2-loop gap equation reduces to the simpler form:First of all, we compute the system formed by (44) and (45) to analyze the behaviour of the Gribov parameter related to energy scale. Such procedure gives us the following two functions, where we have now the mass parameter related to logarithm:wherewhere , , , , , , , , , , and .

The behaviour of and in (46) can be clearly seen in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The behaviour of and indicates uniquely as the one that has the expected typical running behaviour of a mass parameter in the Gribov-Zwanziger scenario. Thus, we necessarily keep for the next computations.

4.3. Methods of Enhancement at 2 Loops

Following similar steps that we have made in Section 3.1.1, we are looking for the best logarithm for the sake of better estimates of the renormalized cosmological constant and the energy cut-off . Before we advance in applying these methods, we refer to the definitions (32). Moreover, we skip the initial choice, as made at 1 loop, , because it provides , which is outside the acceptable range for the coupling parameter; see Ineq. (22). Hence, we proceed with the methods of enhancement as we have done in Section 3.1.1.

: Taylor Series Method. We are looking for small logarithms through a Taylor expansion of (44), which can be written aswhere, for simplicity, the expansion above is displayed up to fifth order. However, we must keep in mind that we can truncate such expansion at any arbitrary order. If we truncate the above expansion of at fourth order and consider , then we find . Therefore, we obtain . All truncations beyond the fourth order do not imply significant improvements in the inferior limit , in the interval , of the intervals for , since each order of truncation modifies such limit (see Table 5).

Since we are dealing with a perturbation expansion, we need to get to small values for . Nevertheless, because of the second term in (44), which is resulting from the contribution at 2 loops in the computation, a choice for the logarithm close to any results in high numerical values of the renormalized cosmological constant . Hence, the best choice for the logarithm is . Employing this logarithm value and combining (44), (45), and (8), we obtainThe value (49) is very close to the order of magnitude of the Planck energy . The result (41) is almost better than that we found in Section 3.1.1 at 1-loop approximation. The result (50) certifies the 1-loop result for .

: Equilibrium Value Method. If we apply in (44), we obtain the result . However, this value, even though it obeys Ineq. (22), it does not provide a real value for the Gribov parameter , according to (45).

: Method by Geometric Series. In this case, we will treat the logarithm as a geometric series. For such aim, we employ once again (36) and (37) by treating as the ratio of a geometric series. In this way, we combine (36), (37), and (44) to findwhere is the truncation order. Now, we must solve the inequality to find the range for valid logarithms. Each results in an inequality in the form . To clarify this point, the superior limit as a function of is displayed in Table 6.

The truncation at fourth order works just as good as the 1-loop case because the values for the superior limit for do not reveal any significant changes. At first sight, we could work with the interval ; however there is another constraint due to the Gribov parameter function , according to (46) and (47). The square root in only has a real solution if or, equivalently, . This interval is actually more restrictive than the -loop treatment. Therefore, we are satisfied with the value . Hence, using in the equation system formed by (44), (45), and (8), we get

On the other hand, for the other extremes, we choose and the same equation system (see (44), (45), and (8)), we findThe values (53) match the first ones that we found using .

4.4. The Logarithmic Elimination Option

A straight and simple manner to simplify the gap equation (45) consists in setting up all logarithms to zero. For this purpose we can setThus, (45) can easily be solved, providing and . These results leave us with the following 2-loop values for the energy cut-off and the renormalized cosmological constant:

We remark that, at 1 loop, this strategy is not permitted because the value for the coupling parameter is found to be higher than 1; namely, .

5. Conclusions

The Gribov mass parameter in our theory is the central point in the development of the induced gravity discussed in [24]. It is responsible for addressing the deformation of the Yang-Mills theory in the infrared regime to a geometrical theory of gravity. In this model, the Gribov parameter and the Yang-Mills coupling constant combine in order to provide the value of Newtonian constant. In the present work we have developed 1- and 2-loop estimates to accommodate reliable values for the prediction of Newtonian constant. Moreover, the renormalization group scale could also be determined. Furthermore, a discussion about the cosmological constant was performed.

Our results show that the experimental value of the Newtonian constant is a solution of the theory and that the renormalization group scale always lie around Planck scale, a good feature for a quantum gravity model candidate. We have also improved the estimates in order to attain the best values for these constants, at 1 and 2 loops.

Concerning the cosmological constant problem, our model provides an inherent gravitational cosmological constant. Following [48, 49], it would be nice that the sum of such constant with the one predicted by QFT for the Standard Model vacuum [47] would compensate each other and provide a very small value for the observational cosmological constant. However, although very high, our cosmological constant differs from the QFT prediction by a few orders in magnitude.

Of course, much has to be investigated. For instance, since the emergence of gravity relies on the Gribov parameter and the soft BRST breaking [31, 32, 36], the Gribov-Zwanziger refinement [34, 42, 43] should also be considered with all the extra mass parameters. These extra masses should also refine the values we have computed in the present work. One interesting feature that should be mentioned of the theory is about the renormalized cosmological constant: first of all, at the quantum level, it is related to the Gribov parameter, so it is a running mass parameter; second, at classical level, its value does not run anymore. Its huge fixed value takes place at the classical sector of the theory. This is very important because it suppresses the quadratic curvature term in (9), at classical level, ensuring the general relativity limit of the theory, at least for a torsionless regime.

Appendix

A. The Gribov-Zwanziger Action

We will present here a brief description on the Gribov-Zwanziger scenario. For the details of technicalities and fundamental concepts we refer to [25–30, 71, 72].

Quantization of Yang-Mills theories is a hard work. Initially, the procedure established by Faddeev and Popov [73] succeeded well in the perturbative regime during the process of quantizing the gauge fields. However, the Faddeev-Popov method is not accurate at low energies, where the system becomes highly nonperturbative. In essence, a gauge symmetry survives and is manifest at the infrared region. This is the so-called Gribov ambiguities problem. The way to treat such ambiguities, as proposed by Gribov, is to look for a region in the gauge field space without ambiguities and truncate the Faddeev-Popov path integral to such region. Such a region is called fundamental modular region. However the implementation of such region in the Faddeev-Popov path integral is a highly nontrivial problem with no solution so far. Nevertheless, the problem can be partially solved by restricting the path integral to the so-called Gribov region, which is well defined for only a few gauges such as the Landau gauge. At the Landau gauge, the Gribov region can be defined aswith and is the Faddeev-Popov operator. Following, for instance, [28, 29, 71, 72], the improved gauge fixed Faddeev-Popov action is given by the Gribov-Zwanziger action:where . The nonlocal term is known as the horizon function and, together with the gap equation,ensures that the path integral is inside the Gribov region. In (A.3), is the quantum action, determined by

Remarkably, the nonlocal term can be written in local form with the help of auxiliary fields by means ofwith andwhere the conjugate complex pair () are bosonic fields and are fermionic fields. Hence, the local version of the Gribov-Zwanziger path integral iswith .

The quadratic action (10), as mentioned in Section 3, is obtained from the free part of (A.7). We can straightforwardly observe that the fermionic fields do not contribute to the quadratic action. It is worth mentioning that many contributions from condensates [34, 39] also appear in a refined version of (A.7); however, they are not relevant for the purposes of this work.

B. The Choice of the Mass Parameter

Although we are satisfied with the results obtained in this work, one can argue if another parameter could describe the Newtonian constant and the cosmological constant in a better way. Since we are not considering any condensation effect, the other possibility would be rather than . Let us reconsider (14) and rewrite the gap equation taking into account instead of : Manipulating (18) and (B.1) we getwith . And (B.2) points again that the smaller the Gribov parameter, the higher the energy scale. We can note in Figure 7 the behaviour of the mass parameter when the energy scale rises. Here, we obtain when . There is another troublesome here because the mass parameter shows itself with the local maximum at which indicates—before this point—a decreasing of the mass parameter while the energy scale decreases too. It is completely antagonistic to its physical behaviour at low energy regime where we expect a monotonous rising of the mass parameter while the energy decreases.

From (14), (18), and (19) we getwith . The behaviour of the ratio given by (B.3) can be illustrated in Figure 8. Figure 8 clearly shows a nonexistence of a transition because an Inonu-Wigner contraction cannot happen. The vanishing limit of only occurs at the origin; hence, no geometric sector would appear. Then, we made the right choice to employ the Gribov parameter in order to fit with our theory.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

The Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and the Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa, Pós-Graduação e Inovação (PROPPI-UFF) are acknowledged.

Endnotes

Even though most of the material in this section can be found in previous articles [24, 45, 46], some new aspects are not fully discussed there.
Although we did not specify the gauge fixing constraint, the Gribov problem is a pathological issue plaguing all covariant gauges [26]. Nevertheless, we can anticipate for the reader that we will employ the Landau gauge fixing in this entire work.
The renormalized cosmological constant has associated with the ansatz of the theory; that is, .
From now on, for the sake of simplicity, we use tensorial notation with Greek indices indicating spacetime coordinates and Latin indices to gauge group.
See Appendix A and the references therein for details.
At this level, we are not considering the refined Gribov-Zwanziger action [30].
Strictly speaking, (11) does not define the effective action since there are no source terms. In fact, is rather a field-independent shift of the actual -loop effective action. This is sufficient for our purposes but does not constitute the full effective action. Nevertheless, since there is no formal term for it, we will call it simply as effective action in this work. We expect no confusion for the reader.
We notice that due to Ineq. (22).

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Copyright © 2016 Rodrigo F. Sobreiro and Anderson A. Tomaz. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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