Properties and Behaviors of Heavy Quarkonia: Insights through Fractional Model and Topological Defects

Table 1

Mass spectra of charmonium (in GeV) for two models (the classical model and the fractional model (, ) at ).

State	The classical model	The fractional model	[36]	[37]	[38]	[39]	Exp. [42]	Error of the classical model	Error of the fractional model
1S	3.096	3.074	3.078	3.096	3.078	3.239	3.096	0	0.007
2S	3.619	3.582	4.187	3.686	3.581	3.646	3.649	0.008	0.018
3S	4.142	4.090	5.297	3.984	4.085	4.052	4.040	0.025	0.012
4S	4.665	4.598	6.407	4.150	4.589	4.459	4.415	0.056	0.041
1P	3.488	3.513
	3.619	3.654	3.415	3.433	3.415	3.372	3.525	0.010	0.003
	3.75	3.796
2P	4.011	4.020
	4.142	4.163	4.143	3.910	3.917	3.779	3.900	0.005	0.007
	4.273	4.305
1D	3.358	5.067
	3.75	4.644
	3.142	4.221	3.752	3.767	3.749	3.604	3.769	0.028	0.030
	4.534	3.796
	4.927	3.369
Total error	0.018	0.016	0.9513	0.11065	0.11152	0.05788	—