Properties and Behaviors of Heavy Quarkonia: Insights through Fractional Model and Topological Defects

Table 2

Mass spectra of bottomonium (in GeV) for two models (the classical model () at and the fractional model (, ) at ).

State	The classical model	The fractional model	[36]	[38]	[40]	Exp. [43]	Error of the classical model	Error of the fractional model
1S	9.460	9.465	9.510	9.510	9.460	9.460	0	0.0005
2S	9.844	9.853	10.627	10.038	10.023	10.023	0.018	0.016
3S	10.288	10.241	11.726	10.566	10.585	10.355	0.006	0.011
4S	10.611	10.628	12.834	11.094	11.148	10.580	0.003	0.004
1P	9.679	9.802
	9.843	9.911	9.862	9.862	9.492	9.900	0.006	0.001
	10.008	10.020
2P	10.063	10.19
	10.228	10.299	10.944	10.390	10.038	10.260	0.003	0.003
	10.392	10.408
1D	9.898	10.129
	10.063	10.237
	10.227	10.345	10.214	10.214	9.551	10.161	0.006	0.003
	10.392	110.733
	10.557	11.120
Total error	0.006	0.0055	0.484	0.0137	0.028	—