Properties and Behaviors of Heavy Quarkonia: Insights through Fractional Model and Topological Defects

Table 3

The expectation value of charmonium of ((GeV)^-1) for two models (the classical model (, ), the fractional model (, )).

State	The classical model ((GeV)^-1)	The fractional model ((GeV)^-1)	[44]	[44]	[45]	[46]	[47]
1S	1.184	3.030	3.073	3.086	2.619	2.790	1.002
2S	1.601	4.732	5.770	5.777	4.761	4.612	1.551
1P	4.170	3.554	4.331	4.325	—	4.266	—
	1.545	3.664
	4.722	3.779
2P	4.347	5.231	7.511	7.488	3.725	5.588	—
	1.894	5.337
	4.883	5.447
1D	6.137	4.529	6.410	6.380			—
	3.873	4.660
	2.025	4.792
	4.980	4.925
	6.945	5.059