Advances in Medicine / 2014 / Article / Tab 1 / Review Article
Developmental Immunotoxicity, Perinatal Programming, and Noncommunicable Diseases: Focus on Human Studies Table 1 DIT and increased risk of human disease*.
Disease, disorder, or susceptibility state Suggested early-life immune-modulating risk factor Reference(s) Acute myeloid leukemia Benzene [173 ] Allergic sensitization Polychlorinated biphenyls [170 ] Asthma Maternal paracetamol use [155 ] Atherosclerosis Maternal hypercholesterolemia [174 ] Atopic dermatitis Maternal smoking [175 ] Allergic rhinitis Antibiotics in infancy [176 ] Autism spectrum disorders Maternal immune activation [177 ] Bipolar disorder Gestational influenza [178 ] Cardiovascular disease Childhood abuse [179 ] Celiac disease Elective cesarean delivery [180 ] Crohn’s disease Maternal smoking [181 ] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Smoke from biomass fuels [182 ] Depression Childhood trauma [183 ] Endometriosis Environmental tobacco smoke [184 ] Hypertension Pesticides (DDT) [185 ] Insulin resistance Maternal diet [186 ] Lack of protection against diphtheria and tetanus following childhood vaccination Perfluorinated pollutants [171 ] Multiple sclerosis Vitamin D insufficiency [187 ] Myalgic encephalomyelitis (Chronic fatigue syndrome) Childhood trauma [188 , 189 ] Narcolepsy (specific subpopulation) H1N1 flu vaccination [190 , 191 ] Obesity/overweight risk Cesarean delivery [192 ] Otitis media Maternal smoking/ETS [193 –195 ] Parkinson’s disease Pesticides [164 , 196 ] Preeclampsia Traffic-related air pollution [197 ] Psoriasis Environmental tobacco smoke [198 ] Respiratory infections Polychlorinated biphenyls [199 , 200 ] Rheumatoid arthritis Maternal smoking [201 ] Schizophrenia Prenatal immune activation [202 , 203 ] Sudden infant death syndrome Maternal smoking and alcohol consumption [133 ] Type 1 diabetes Lack of or short-duration breastfeeding [204 ] Ulcerative colitis Urban living [205 ]
This table includes both noncommunicable and communicable diseases and conditions. Environmental risk factors are provided to illustrate an example and are not intended to be an exhaustive listing. The focus is on human studies and data.
