Cigarette Smoking and Its Hazards in Kidney Transplantation

Table 3

Summary of studies on implications of cigarette smoking on kidney transplant recipient survival.

Number	Author	Journal/year	Conclusion
(1)	Kasiske and Klinger [37]	J Am SocNephrol/2000	The increase in graft failure was due to an increase in deaths (adjusted relative risk 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.87; = 0.012)
(2)	Agarwal et al. [39]	Am J Nephrol/2011	Current smoking and past smoking in renal transplant recipient resulted in higher risk for death than never smoking (, 95% CI 1.1–3.8, , and , 95% CI 1.4–4.0, , resp.).
(3)	Underwood et al. [29]	Clin Transplant./2014	Both donor and recipient smoking decreased recipient survival (, versus , )
(4)	Duerinckx et al. [47]	Transplantation/2016	Shorter patient survival time (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.44–0.79) and higher odds of mortality (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.21–2.48) in solid organ transplantation
(5)	Opelz and Döhler [48]	Transplantation/2016	Compared with patients who had never smoked (), patients who stopped smoking before transplantation has increased chances of death (HR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0–1.2; ) and a similar risk of death-censored graft failure (HR, 1.0, 95% CI, 1.0–1.1; ), but a 40% increase in death from malignancy (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2–1.7; )
(6)	Hurst et al. [42]	Transplantation/2011	Compared with never smokers, incident smoking after transplant was associated with increased risk death (AHR [adjusted hazard ratio] 2.32 [95% CI: 1.98–2.72]; )
(7)	Arend et al. [49]	Nephrol Dial Transplant/1997	Smoking was associated with increased mortality after >1 year posttransplantation RR (95% CI) 2.2 (1.4–3.7)
(8)	Cosio et al. [34]	Clin Transplant./1999	By Cox regression, patient survival time was significantly shorter in diabetics (), smokers (), and recipients older than 40 yr
(9)	Woo et al. [35]	Journal of Nephrol/2002	Smoking was an independent risk factor for patient survival (hazard ratio, 1.81)
(10)	Yavuz et al. [45]	Transplant Proc/2004	No significant relationship between pretransplant smoking and educational status (); graft loss; and smoking () was found