Table 2: The initial and boundary conditions of the numerical experiments with the PALM code.

Run Symbol Initial wind () [m s−1] Surface temperature flux (open water), [K m s−1] Surface temperature flux (land and ice), [K m s−1] Relief R0SF ● (0.0, 0.0) 0.1 −0.02 Yes R0FF ◯ (0.0, 0.0) 0.1 −0.02 No R10SF (10.0, 0.0) 0.1 −0.02 Yes R10FF □ (10.0, 0.0) 0.1 −0.02 No R10S0 ▲ (10.0, 0.0) 0.1 0.0 Yes R10F0 ∆ (10.0, 0.0) 0.1 0.0 No R10S00 ∇ ( 10.0, 0.0) 0.0 0.0 Yes