Copyright © 2012 Florian Thevenon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. M. de Angelis and A. Gaudichet, “Saharan dust deposition over Mont Blanc (French Alps) during the last 30 years,” Tellus B, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 61–75, 1991. View at Scopus
2. L. G. Thompson, T. Yao, E. Mosley-Thompson, M. E. Davis, K. A. Henderson, and P. N. Lin, “A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian monsoon from Himalayan ice cores,” Science, vol. 289, no. 5486, pp. 1916–1919, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. J. R. McConnell, A. J. Aristarain, J. R. Banta, P. R. Edwards, and J. C. Simoes, “20th-Century doubling in dust archived in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core parallels climate change and desertification in South America,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 14, pp. 5743–5748, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
4. F. Thevenon, F. S. Anselmetti, S. M. Bernasconi, and M. Schwikowski, “Mineral dust and elemental black carbon records from an Alpine ice core (Colle Gnifetti glacier) over the last millennium,” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 114, no. 17, Article ID D17102, 11 pages, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. IPCC, “Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing,” in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis, P. Forster, V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, et al., Eds., pp. 129–234, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
6. F. E. Grousset and P. E. Biscaye, “Tracing dust sources and transport patterns using Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes,” Chemical Geology, vol. 222, no. 3-4, pp. 149–167, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. B. Delmonte, P. S. Andersson, H. Schoberg et al., “Geographic provenance of aeolian dust in East Antarctica during Pleistocene glaciations: preliminary results from Talos Dome and comparison with East Antarctic and new Andean ice core data,” Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 29, no. 1-2, pp. 256–264, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. A. Svensson, P. E. Biscaye, and F. E. Grousset, “Characterization of late glacial continental dust in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core,” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 4637–4656, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. A. J. M. Bory, P. E. Biscaye, A. Svensson, and F. E. Grousset, “Seasonal variability in the origin of recent atmospheric mineral dust at NorthGRIP, Greenland,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 196, no. 3-4, pp. 123–134, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. B. Delmonte, J. R. Petit, K. Andersen, I. Basile-Doelsch, V. Maggi, and V. Lipenkov, “Dust size evidence for opposite regional atmospheric circulation changes over east Antarctica during the last climatic transition,” Climate Dynamics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 427–438, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. J. Xu, S. Hou, D. Qin et al., “A 108.83-m ice-core record of atmospheric dust deposition at Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), Central Himalaya,” Quaternary Research, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 33–38, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. P. Vallelonga, P. Gabrielli, I. Balliana et al., “Lead isotopic compositions in the EPICA Dome C ice core and Southern Hemisphere potential source areas,” Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 29, no. 1-2, pp. 247–255, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. M. Collaud Coen, E. Weingartner, D. Schaub et al., “Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 4, no. 11-12, pp. 2465–2480, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. T. Moreno, X. Querol, S. Castillo et al., “Geochemical variations in aeolian mineral particles from the Sahara-Sahel dust corridor,” Chemosphere, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 261–270, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
15. T. M. Jenk, S. Szidat, D. Bolius, et al., “A novel radiocarbon dating technique applied to an ice core from the Alps indicating late Pleistocene ages,” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 114, Article ID D14305, 8 pages, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
16. S. Nyeki, F. Li, D. Rosser, I. Colbeck, and U. Baltensperger, “The background aerosol size distribution at a high-alpine site: an analysis of the seasonal cycle,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 211–212, 1997. View at Scopus
17. A. K. Overton, “Jungfraujoch high altitude research station,” Weather, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 76–79, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. T. Tanaka, S. Togashi, H. Kamioka et al., “JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium,” Chemical Geology, vol. 168, no. 3-4, pp. 279–281, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. S. B. Jacobsen and G. J. Wasserburg, “Sm–Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 139–155, 1980. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. T. Adatte, W. Stinnesbeck, and G. Keller, “Lithostratigraphic and mineralogic correlations of near K/T boundary sediments northeastern Mexico: implications for origin and nature of deposition,” in The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History, vol. 307, pp. 211–226, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colo, USA, 1996.
21. P. Y. Favarger, B. A. Thomas, C. Guéguen, and F. Monna, “Evaluation of simultaneous ICP-MS/OES sediment analysis based on reference samples,” in Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Analytical Sciences, Valencia, Spain, June 1998.
22. C. Guéguen, J. Dominik, M. Pardos, C. Benninghoff, and R. L. Thomas, “Partition of metals in the Vistula River and in effluents from sewage treatment plants in the region of Cracow,” Lakes and Reservoirs, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 59–66, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. K. H. Wedepohl, “The composition of the continental crust,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1217–1232, 1995. View at Scopus
24. P. E. Biscaye, F. E. Grousset, M. Revel et al., “Asian provenance of glacial dust (stage 2) in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core, Summit, Greenland,” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 102, no. 12, pp. 26765–26781, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. F. E. Grousset, M. Parra, A. Bory et al., “Saharan wind regimes traced by the Sr–Nd isotopic composition of subtropical Atlantic sediments: last glacial maximum vs today,” Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 17, no. 4-5, pp. 395–409, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. C. Pin, D. Briot, C. Bassin, and F. Poitrasson, “Concomitant separation of strontium and samarium-neodymium for isotopic analysis in silicate samples, based on specific extraction chromatography,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 298, no. 2, pp. 209–217, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. R. D. Evans, I. F. Jefferson, R. Kumar, K. O'Hara-Dhand, and I. J. Smalley, “The nature and early history of airborne dust from North Africa; in particular the Lake Chad basin,” Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 39, no. 1-2, pp. 81–87, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. D. Wagenbach and K. Geis, “The mineral dust record in a high altitude alpine glacier (Colle Gnifetti, Swiss Alps),” in Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein, Eds., (NATO ASI Series C, Vol. 282), pp. 543–564, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass, USA, 1989.
29. H. Sodemann, A. Palmer, C. Schwierz, M. Schwikowski, and H. Wernli, “The transport history of two Saharan dust events archived in an Alpine ice core,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 667–688, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. H. M. Roberts, D. R. Muhs, A. G. Wintle, G. A. T. Duller, and E. A. Bettis, “Unprecedented last-glacial mass accumulation rates determined by luminescence dating of loess from western Nebraska,” Quaternary Research, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 411–419, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. N. M. Mahowald, D. R. Muhs, S. Levis et al., “Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates,” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 111, Article ID D10202, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. G. R. Burton, K. J. R. Rosman, K. P. van de Velde, and C. F. Boutron, “A two century record of strontium isotopes from an ice core drilled at Mt Blanc, France,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 248, no. 1-2, pp. 202–211, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. R. Glaccum and J. M. Prospero, “Saharan aerosols over the tropical North Atlantic—Mineralogy,” Marine Geology, vol. 37, no. 3-4, pp. 295–321, 1980. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. A. Avila, I. Queralt-Mitjans, and M. Alarcón, “Mineralogical composition of African dust delivered by red rains over northeastern Spain,” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 102, no. 18, pp. 21977–21996, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. S. Caquineau, A. Gaudichet, L. Gomes, and M. Legrand, “Mineralogy of Saharan dust transported over northwestern tropical Atlantic ocean in relation to source regions,” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 107, no. 15, 12 pages, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. L. A. Fiol, J. J. Fornos, B. Gelabert, and J. A. Guijarro, “Dust rains in Mallorca (Western Mediterranean): their occurrence and role in some recent geological processes,” Catena, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 64–84, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. F. Thevenon, M. Chiaradia, T. Adatte, C. Hueglin, and J. Poté, “Ancient versus modern mineral dust transported to high-altitude Alpine glaciers evidences Saharan sources and atmospheric circulation changes,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, vol. 11, pp. 859–884, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. T. Pettke and L. W. Diamond, “Rb–Sr dating of sphalerite based on fluid inclusion-host mineral isochrons: a clarification of why it works,” Economic Geology, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 951–956, 1996. View at Scopus
39. H. C. Moor, T. Schaller, and M. Sturm, “Recent changes in stable lead isotope ratios in sediments of Lake Zug, Switzerland,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 2928–2933, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. D. Weiss, W. Shotyk, and O. Kempf, “Archives of atmospheric lead pollution,” Naturwissenschaften, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 262–275, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. J. Nriagu, “Global metal pollution: poisoning the biosphere?” Environment, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 28–32, 1990. View at Scopus
42. M. L. Geagea, P. Stille, F. Gauthier-Lafaye, and M. Millet, “Tracing of industrial aerosol sources in an urban environment using Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopes,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 692–698, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. H. W. Nesbitt, G. Markovics, and R. G. Price, “Chemical processes affecting alkalis and alkaline earths during continental weathering,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 1659–1666, 1980. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. J. D. Blum and Y. Erel, “Rb-Sr isotope systematics of a granitic soil chronosequence: the importance of biotite weathering,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 61, no. 15, pp. 3193–3204, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. R. R. Draxler and G. D. Rolph, HYSPLIT—Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model Access via NOAA ARL READY Website, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md, USA, 2003.
46. F. Grousset, P. Ginoux, A. Bory, and P. Biscaye, “Case study of a Chinese dust plume reaching the French Alps,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 30, no. 6, p. 1277, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
47. C. Kang, et al., “Dust records from three ice cores: relationships to spring atmospheric circulation over the Northern Hemisphere,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 37, no. 34, pp. 4823–4835, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. I. Chiapello and C. Moulin, “TOMS and METEOSAT satellite records of the variability of Saharan dust transport over the Atlantic during the last two decades (1979–1997),” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 29, no. 1176, pp. 17–20, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
49. M. F. Glueck and C. W. Stockton, “Reconstruction of the North Atlantic oscillation, 1429–1983,” International Journal of Climatology, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1453–1465, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
50. D. T. Shindell, G. A. Schmidt, M. E. Mann, D. Rind, and A. Waple, “Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum,” Science, vol. 294, no. 5549, pp. 2149–2152, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
51. D. C. Lund, J. Lynch-Stieglitz, and W. B. Curry, “Gulf Stream density structure and transport during the past millennium,” Nature, vol. 444, no. 7119, pp. 601–604, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
52. J. Gabrieli, P. Vallelonga, G. Cozzi et al., “Post 17th-century changes of European PAH emissions recorded in high-altitude alpine snow and ice,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 3260–3266, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus