Numerical Evaluation of the Impact of Urbanization on Summertime Precipitation in Osaka, Japan
Table 1
Statistical comparisons between observed and simulated (URBAN) hourly meteorological variables at Osaka meteorological observatory in August from 2006 to 2010.
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Temperature
Mean obs. (°C)
29.8
29.8
28.4
28.0
30.5
Mean sim. (°C)
30.6
30.2
29.5
29.0
30.8
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.89
0.93
MBE (°C)
0.8
0.3
1.1
1.0
0.3
MAE (°C)
1.1
0.8
1.3
1.3
0.7
IA
0.93
0.94
0.92
0.91
0.96
Humidity
Mean obs. (g kg−1)
16.6
16.6
15.9
15.4
17.2
Mean sim. (g kg−1)
15.9
16.4
15.9
15.1
17.2
0.69
0.67
0.74
0.86
0.72
MBE (g kg−1)
−0.6
−0.2
0.0
−0.3
0.0
MAE (g kg−1)
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.9
IA
0.79
0.80
0.86
0.92
0.84
Wind speed
Mean obs. (m s−1)
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.3
2.5
Mean sim. (m s−1)
2.7
2.8
3.1
2.9
2.7
0.66
0.72
0.60
0.60
0.72
MBE (m s−1)
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.2
RMSE (m s−1)
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.0
IA
0.81
0.84
0.76
0.73
0.84
Note: , MBE, MAE, RMSE, and IA denote Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the mean bias error, the mean absolute error, the root mean square error, and the index of agreement, respectively.
