Research Article

An Observational and Model Characterization of Vertical Structure of Wind Fields over Eastern United States: A Case Study of Sterling, Virginia

Table 1

List of CMIP5 models used in this study. Models in bold are those CMIP5 models that have at least five ensemble members for both historical and future (RCP4.5) simulations.

Institute (modeling group), country ModelsEnsemble membersAtmospheric resolutions
Horizontal (lon. × lat.)Vertical levels

College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, ChinaBNU-ESM12.8 × 2.826

Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, CanadaCanCM4102.8 × 2.835
CanESM252.8 × 2.835

National Center for Atmospheric Research, USACCSM461.25 × 0.9427

Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per I Cambiamenti Climatici, ItalyCMCC-CMS10.75 × 0.7595

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in collaboration with the Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, AustraliaCSIRO-MK3.6101.8 × 1.818

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, USAGFDL-ESM2G
GFDL-ESM2M
GFDL-CM3
GFDL-CM2p1
1
1
1
10
2.5 × 2.0
2.5 × 2.0
2.5 × 2.0
2.5 × 2.0
24
24
48
24

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, USAGISS-E2-H52.5 × 2.040
GISS-E2-R52.5 × 2.040

Met Office Hadley Centre, UKHadCM3103.75 × 2.519

Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, FranceIPSL-CM5A-LR
IPSL-CM5A-MR
IPSL-CM5B-LR
1
1
1
3.75 × 1.875
2.5 × 1.25
3.75 × 1.875
39
39
39

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), and National Institute for Environmental Studies, JapanMIROC-ESM
MIROC-ESM-CHEM
1
1
2.8 × 2.8
2.8 × 2.8
80
80

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, GermanyMPI-ESM-LR
MPI-ESM-MR
1
1
1.9 × 1.9
1.875 × 1.875
47
95