A Multimethod Approach towards Assessing Urban Flood Patterns and Its Associated Vulnerabilities in Singapore

Figure 4

Framework of Singapore’s urban vulnerability to flooding based on previous conceptual frameworks in [17, 25]. The ovals are component factors of overall vulnerability with relevant physical and social attributes italicised. The impacts of such attributes towards overall vulnerability are positive (+), negative (−), or neutral (). Solid lines indicate direct connections between components with the direction being indicated by the arrowhead, while dashed connections indicate potential feedbacks. Lastly, the state of vulnerability directly affects resilience to flooding, which feedbacks on the magnitude of the flood hazard impact.