Temporal and Spatial Changes in Snow Cover and the Corresponding Radiative Forcing Analysis in Siberia from the 1970s to the 2010s

Table 1

Means and standard deviations (SD) of the snow-free (SF) and snow-covered (SC) white sky albedos and emissivities for each land cover class.

Land cover type	Albedo (SF)	SD	Albedo (SC)	SD	Emissivity (SF)	SD	Emissivity (SC)	SD
Evergreen needleleaf forest	0.139	0.008	0.329	0.033	0.9696		0.9720
Deciduous needleleaf forest	0.126	0.005	0.336	0.033	0.9690		0.9714
Deciduous broadleaf forest	0.157	0.008	0.390	0.046	0.9685		0.9712
Mixed forest	0.136	0.007	0.293	0.033	0.9693		0.9716
Open shrublands	0.140	0.004	0.403	0.090	0.9661		0.9685
Woody savannas	0.144	0.005	0.416	0.058	0.9673		0.9702
Savannas	0.138	0.004	0.419	0.060	0.9662		0.9694
Grasslands	0.154	0.005	0.502	0.024	0.9695		0.9720
Permanent wetlands	0.140	0.004	0.463	0.030	0.9677		0.9706
Croplands	0.159	0.004	0.556	0.021	0.9707		0.9726
Urban and built-up	0.140	0.005	0.405	0.016	0.9690		0.9716
Cropland/natural vegetation mosaic	0.160	0.005	0.529	0.022	0.9708		0.9726
Snow and ice			0.673	0.030			0.9688
Barren or sparsely vegetated	0.147	0.004	0.474	0.072	0.9654		0.9685
Water	0.097	0.004	0.464	0.079	0.9675		0.9696