Research of Spatial and Temporal Evolution Mechanism and Countermeasures of Haze Spatial Pattern in China: Visual Field Based on Dynamic Evolution and Spatial Agglomeration

Table 5

Standard panel estimation results of provincial carbon emissions.

Variables	No fixed effects	Fixed effects	Random effects	Spatial fixed effects	Time period fixed effects
C	1.2246 (0.4409)	8.1067 (0.0000)	4.0870 (0.0002)	5.1783 (0.0001)	5.2015 (0.0000)
ln P	−0.2102 (0.0036)	−0.2197 (0.0482)	−0.0248 (0.1212)	−0.2285 (0.0395)	−0.0344 (0.6717)
ln A	0.1859 (0.0161)	−0.2501 (0.0009)	0.1151 (0.0089)	0.1086 (0.0113)	−0.0915 (0.1727)
ln T	0.0212 (0.6532)	0.0136 (0.4885)	0.0107 (0.5893)	0.0089 (0.6408)	0.0203 (0.2971)
ln S	0.3387 (0.0007)	0.0544 (0.4597)	−0.0557 (0.4108)	−0.079 (0.2494)	0.0319 (0.6472)
ln F	0.0137 (0.8834)	−0.0120 (0.6070)	0.0092 (0.6923)	0.0124 (0.5841)	−0.0059 (0.7996)
ln E	0.2807 (0.3411)	−0.0474 (0.8133)	0.0276 (0.8743)	0.0150 (0.9286)	−0.0604 (0.7630)
ln EX	−0.1533 (0.2076)	−0.1675 (0.0004)	−0.1359 (0.0052)	−0.1373 (0.0034)	−0.1494 (0.0016)
ln U	0.0768 (0.0015)	−0.0264 (0.1279)	−0.0028 (0.8703)	−0.0094 (0.5796)	−0.0124 (0.4663)
ln FD	0.0432 (0.5408)	−0.0184 (0.5232)	−0.0277 (0.3475)	−0.0343 (0.2313)	−0.0126 (0.6611)
R^2	0.2251	0.9527	0.0385	0.9429	0.5758
R^2adj	0.2102	0.9468	0.0201	0.9380	0.5535
log L	−212.0153	458.9933
DW	0.1296	1.3009	0.0957	0.9156	0.0535