Abstract
We present a Lorentz-symmetry violating Lagrangian for free fermions, which is local but not Hermitian, whereas the corresponding Hamiltonian is Hermitian but not local. A specific feature of the model is that the dispersion relation is relativistic in both the IR and the UV but not in an intermediate regime, set by a given mass scale. The consistency of the model is shown by the study of properties expected in analogy with the Dirac Lagrangian.
1. Introduction
Lorentz-invariance violation (LIV) has had an increasing attention these last years and provides opportunities to develop quantum gravity phenomenology. A generic bottom-up approach consists in the SME (standard model extension) [1] (see [2] for a review), where tensors of different rank are allowed to acquire nontrivial vacuum expectation values, therefore breaking either invariance under 3-dimensional rotation or Lorentz boosts. A possible top-down approach consists in deriving LIV operators from gravitational models, and an example is given by a brane model [3] where LIV effects arise, in the effective theory, from the choice of a specific frame, where bulk topological defects are slow-moving. Such a model can give a microscopic origin of LIV Lagrangians as the ones studied in [4ā7], where the dynamical generation of masses and flavour oscillations result from LIV kinematics.
We propose here a new LIV Lagrangian for free fermions, which is not Hermitian but leads to a Hermitian Hamiltonian, such that the spectrum is real. On the other hand, the Hamiltonian is not local, but the Lagrangian is. The reason is that the non-Hermitian term in the Lagrangian contains mixed derivatives , and since the Hamiltonian operator is defined by , it involves the inverse of a quantity which contains space derivatives. The Hamiltonian can therefore be seen as a resummation of an infinite series in space derivatives and is thus not local. Therefore the possibility to have a Hermitian but nonlocal Hamiltonian is a consequence of Lorentz-symmetry violation, where mixed derivatives can occur in the Lagrangian. Note that consistent models with non-Hermitian Hamiltonians are known and give rise to a whole area of study, based on parity and time reversal (PT) symmetry [8].
The specific form of this Lagrangian allows quasirelativistic kinematics in the sense that, in both the infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) regimes, the dispersion relation is relativistic. It differs from the usual relativistic form only in an intermediate regime, characterised by the LIV scale . For this reason, the present model does not improve the convergence of Feynman graphs, unlike Lifshitz theories (see [9] for a review in particle physics). Also, because the Hamiltonian is not local, the energies can be, though, of the resummation of an infinite series in the momentum, although the Lagrangian contains a finite number of space derivatives.
Sections 2 and 3 study kinematic and dynamical aspects of the model, respectively, and Section 4 suggests an extension to simple dynamics, involving a Yukawa interaction, which shows that fermion dynamical mass generation can be studied perturbatively in this model.
2. Kinematics
We introduce here a model which can be derived from the fermionic sector of the SME [10], with a specific set of tensor vacuum expectation values. We describe fundamental features which are necessary to check the consistency: (i) the equation of motion, for which the derivation is not trivial in the situation of a non-Hermitian Lagrangian, and (ii) the conserved current, which is not the same as in the case of the Dirac equation and which is necessary to have a unitary theory. Also, we show that the concept of helicity is ambiguous, since the usual right- and left-handed components are always coupled, even in the massless case.
In what follows we use the metric , such that the Laplacian operator is , and we note .
2.1. Lagrangian
We consider the Lorentz-symmetry violating free Lagrangian where is the LIV mass scale. This Lagrangian is not Hermitian, since it can be written as and contains the anti-Hermitian operator An important point in the Lagrangian (1) is the absence of higher order time derivatives. This prevents the appearance of new poles in energies in the propagator, which can be seen in Section 4.1. Therefore, this model does not introduce ghost particles, which is a feature common with Lifshitz-type models.
2.2. Equation of Motion
We show now that the equation of motion is identical to the one obtained from the usual procedure, which consists in varying the action with respect to , keeping constant. This is not trivial for a non-Hermitian Lagrangian, since in this case the variation of the action with respect to does not lead to the previous equation of motion after taking the Hermitian conjugate.
We consider here the Majorana representation for gamma matrices, where these are all imaginary. The four fermion components are written , where and are real. The action can be written as and the equations of motion are obtained by setting the variations of with respect to and to 0. We obtain In the Majorana representation, we have such that Similar steps lead to and it is easy to see that the term involving the Laplacian cancels in the following linear combination: But the latter equation can also be written as which corresponds to the variation performed when and are considered independent, such that the equation of motion is finally and is not given by the Hermitian conjugate of
2.3. Helicity and Conserved Current
The concept of helicity is ambiguous for the Lagrangian (1), since the kinetic term mixes both helicities. Indeed, it is easy to see that such that helicity is not conserved, even in the massless case.
The conserved current is obtained in the usual way. The equation of motion (11) leads to and, multiplying by on the left, one obtains Then, one takes the Hermitian conjugate of (13) and multiplies it by on the right to obtain The difference of (14) and (15) gives where the right-hand side is actually a total derivative. To see this, we first define and the right-hand side of (16) reads then The conserved current is therefore of the form () where is an operator containing space derivatives and the gamma matrices . Similarly to the Hamiltonian operator (20), the conserved current is not local, but the probability density is the same as for the Dirac equation: .
3. Energetics
We show here that the Hamiltonian associated with model (1) is Hermitian, and it therefore leads to real energies. The main point is to exhibit a new type of dispersion relation, which is relativistic in both the IR and the UV, these two regimes being separated by . The intermediate regime, for energies of the order , shows a departure from a relativistic dispersion relation, and this specific feature will allow a nontrivial dynamical mass generation, as explained in the next section. The Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation is obtained in a similar way as in the Dirac case, and it has the advantage to exhibit the negative- and positive-energy modes of the plane wave solutions.
3.1. Hamiltonian
Although the Lagrangian (1) is not Hermitian, we show here that the corresponding Hamiltonian is Hermitian. The Schrodinger form of the equation of motion (13) leads to the identification of the Hamiltonian operator : which gives the Hermitian Hamiltonian density . As a consequence, the spectrum must be real, as will be seen in the next paragraph. We note that the Hamiltonian (20) is not local, since it can be understood as the resummation of an infinite series in , whereas the Lagrangian (1) contains a finite number of derivatives. As explained in Section 1, this is a consequence of the mixed derivative term in the Lagrangian, which is also the reason for which the usual definition cannot be used to determine the Hamiltonian density, since
3.2. Dispersion Relation
The dispersion relation for the Lagrangian (1) is obtained by plugging a plane wave into the equation of motion (11), which leads to and hence We therefore have such that We note that leads to the same dispersion relation as . Also, this dispersion relation is relativistic for , and, for , it is āquasirelativisticā in the sense that, in both IR and UV regimes, it has a relativistic form: The dispersion relation (26) deviates from relativistic kinematics in the intermediate regime only, which is an important difference with Lifshitz-type models, for which the UV regime is characterised by with .
The product of phase and group velocities is and shows that fermions described by the Lagrangian (1) are superluminal if one assumes that . Nevertheless, for a typical standard model mass and a typical grand unified theory mass , the Lorentz-symmetry violating upper bound, which is of the order for electrons [11], is satisfied for any momentum .
Finally, we note that, for , we have the exact relativistic relation , although the dispersion relation (26) is not relativistic.
3.3. Foldy-Wouthuysen Transformation
This field transformation is helpful for nonrelativistic approximations [12] and consists in writing the equation of motion in the form where is the energy obtained from the dispersion relation (26), and with a unitary matrix. As usual for this transformation, one looks for in the form where , and is obtained by changing into . The latter angle is to be determined, in order to obtain the equation of motion (29), which is the aim of this paragraph.
The Hamiltonian (20) is, in Fourier components, and a straightforward calculation leads to The vanishing of the coefficient of imposes and it is easy to see that one is left with the expected form where is obtained from the dispersion relation (26). As expected, the angle defined by (33) leads to the usual Foldy-Wouthuysen result .
We note that the FW transformation for a standard model extension Lagrangian is studied in [13], where the authors consider all the possible CPT and Lorentz-symmetry violating terms as an extension of the Dirac Lagrangian.
4. Perturbative Dynamical Mass
We present here a physical consequence of model (1), which is the perturbative generation of a fermion mass, when the bare mass vanishes, . Generating a fermion mass perturbatively is usually not possible, and one needs to use nonperturbative approaches to generate such a mass dynamically. The Schwinger-Dyson approach is an example and consists in summing an infinite set of Feynman graphs to lead to a dynamical mass which is not analytic in the coupling constant.
4.1. Propagator
The propagator for model (1) is defined by and hence such that finally It is interesting to note that, for massless fermions , the propagator (37) has a nonvanishing trace: which allows the perturbative generation of a fermion mass, as described below.
4.2. Yukawa Interaction
We introduce here a toy-model Yukawa interaction with a real and Lorentz-invariant scalar field : for which the one-loop fermion mass is given by where is a cut-off and . An expansion for gives the result If we assume a Planckian mass for the cut-off and a grand unified theory mass for , then we can see that a Yukawa coupling which satisfies can be consistent with a neutrino mass . Such a small Yukawa coupling could be natural in the context of a quantum-gravity-induced neutrino mass, as done in [14, 15], for example, a coupling which scales as the inverse of the cut-off has been used in [6, 7] to describe the Lorentz-symmetric limit of LIV models which allow the dynamical generation of flavour oscillations.
5. Conclusion
This paper shows that a non-Hermitian Lagrangian is mathematically consistent and could lead to new physics. The relevance of non-Hermitian Lagrangians to physics is a quite recent area of research [8] and is currently being developed in different areas of quantum field theory [16ā18]. We note the work [19], which also involves a consistent non-Hermitian fermionic Lagrangian, featuring a parity-violating mass term, which is invariant under simultaneous parity and time reversal though. The latter model is studied also through the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation in [20]. It is expected that further studies in this direction will generate a whole new area of physics, which could be relevant to what is beyond the standard model.
If one wishes to gauge the present model though, one cannot respect both gauge invariance and renormalizability, unless in the Lifshitz context, where a vortex attached to two gauge and two fermion propagators is allowed. But the Yukawa interaction considered in the present paper could be relevant to neutrinos-Higgs interactions. The coupling of neutrinos to weak bosons would not then need to respect gauge invariance, at least after the electroweak spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the corresponding extension of the standard model would then be possible in the context of effective theories.
Conflict of Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Carl Bender for illuminating discussions and Julio Leite for relevant comments.