Abstract
The basic two-dimensional boundary value problems of the fully coupled linear equilibrium theory of elasticity for solids with double porosity structure are reduced to the solvability of two types of a problem. The first one is the BVPs for the equations of classical elasticity of isotropic bodies, and the other is the BVPs for the equations of pore and fissure fluid pressures. The solutions of these equations are presented by means of elementary (harmonic, metaharmonic, and biharmonic) functions. On the basis of the gained results, we constructed an explicit solution of some basic BVPs for an ellipse in the form of absolutely uniformly convergent series.
1. Introduction
In a material with two degrees of porosity, there are two pore systems, the primary and the secondary. For example, in a fissured rock (i.e., a mass of porous blocks separated from one another with an interconnected and continuously distributed system of fissures), most of the porosity is provided by the pores of the blocks or primary porosity, while most of permeability is provided by the fissures or secondary porosity. When fluid flow and deformation processes occur simultaneously, three coupled partial differential equations can be derived [1, 2] to describe the relationships governing pressure in the primary and secondary pores (and therefore the mass exchange between them) and the displacement of the solid.
A theory of consolidation with double porosity structure was proposed by Wilson and Aifantis [1]. The physical and mathematical foundations of the theory of double porosity were considered in the papers [1–3], where analytical solutions of the relevant equations are also given. This theory unifies a model proposed by Biot for the consolidation of deformable single porosity media with a model proposed by Barenblatt for seepage in indeformable media with two degrees of porosity. The basic results and the historical information on the theory of porous media were summarized by De Boer [4]. However, Aifantis’ quasi-static theory ignored the cross-coupling effect between the volume change of the pores and fissures in the system. The cross-coupled terms were included in the equations of conservation of mass for the pore and fissure fluid and in Darcy’s law for solids with double porosity structure by several authors [5–8].
Porous media theories play an important role in many branches of engineering, including material science, petroleum industry, chemical engineering, and soil mechanics, as well as biomechanics. In recent years, many authors investigated the BVPs of the 2D and 3D theories of elasticity for materials with double porosity structure, publishing a large number of papers (some of these results can be seen in [9–17] and references therein). In those works, the explicit solutions on some BVPs in the form of series are given in a form useful for the engineering practice.
In the present paper, the basic two-dimensional boundary value problems of the fully coupled linear equilibrium theory of elasticity for solids with double porosity structure are reduced to the solvability of two types of a problem. The first one is similar to the BVPs for the equations of classical elasticity of isotropic bodies, while the second one is the BVPs for the equations of the pore and fissure fluid pressures. The solutions of these equations are presented by means of elementary (harmonic, metaharmonic, and biharmonic) functions. On the basis of the gained results, we constructed an explicit solution of some basic BVPs for an ellipse in the form of absolutely uniformly convergent series.
2. Basic Equations
Let be a point of the Euclidean 2D space . In what follows, we consider an ellipse with a double porosity structure that occupies the region of .
The system of homogeneous equations of the linear equilibrium theory of elasticity for solids with double porosity structure can be written as follows [9]:where is the displacement vector in a solid, and are the pore and fissure fluid pressures, respectively, and are the effective stress parameters, is the internal transport coefficient and corresponds to the fluid transfer rate with respect to the intensity of flow between the pores and fissures, are all constitutive coefficients, , , , is the fluid viscosity, and are the macroscopic intrinsic permeabilities associated with matrix and fissure porosity, respectively, and are the cross-coupling permeabilities for fluid flow at the interface between the matrix and fissure phases, and is the two-dimensional Laplace operator. We consider the vectors as column matrices, if necessary. Throughout this paper, it is assumed that . Superscript “” denotes transposition. We will suppose that
Note that BVPs for system (2) which contain and can be investigated separately. Then if supposing as known, we can study BVPs for system (1) with respect to . By combining the obtained results, we arrive at explicit solutions of BVPs for systems (1)-(2).
Obviously, from system (2), we have the following equations for and :where
It is easy to see that the solutions of system (2) have the formwhere
First, we assume to be known. Then, for , we get the following nonhomogeneous equation:
It is well known that the general solution of (8) has the formwhere is a general solution of the equationand is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equationhere,
3. Basic Equations in the Elliptic Coordinate System
Let us rewrite equalities (6), (9), and (10)–(12) in elliptic coordinates system (see Appendix A). We obtain the following.
Formula (9) takes the form
Formula (11) takes the formwhere
Equations (12) take the form
Expressions (6) can be rewritten in the following form:
Equation (10) in the elliptic coordinates system takes the form [18–21]where , (in what follows, we assume that ), and are the components of displacement vector along the normal and the tangent to the curve , is divergence of displacement vector , is a rotor of displacement vector , is Poisson’s ratio, and is Young’s modulus.
Hooke’s law can be written as follows:
4. Boundary Value Problems
For systems (1) and (2), we pose the following BVPs.
Find in domain a regular solution to systems (1) and (2) satisfying one of the following boundary conditions (see Figure 1):Here and are given functions.
Note that when stress components and are given on boundary , then the BVP is solvable if the principal vector and the principal moment of external stresses are equal to zero.
Clearly, BVPs for (2) can be investigated separately (Problem B). Then, by admitting and as known, we can study BVPs for system (1) with respect to (Problem A). By combining the obtained results, we arrive at the explicit solutions of BVPs for systems (1)-(2) and (21).
Problem A. First we state the BVPs for the semiellipse, when the conditions of uninterrupted continuation of solutions (i.e., the conditions of symmetry or antisymmetry) are given on , , and [22]. Thus, we obtain the solutions of BVPs for the ellipse.
Now let us formulate the boundary value problems for semiellipse as follows: find in domain a regular solution of (19) satisfying the following boundary conditions (see Figure 2):
The solutions of (19) and (22)–(25) are represented by means of two harmonic functions and . Consider
The components of stress vector (17) can be written as
Let us rewrite conditions (25) when in the following equivalent form:
In (28), functions and are harmonic functions, which, by using the method of separation of variables [23, 24], can be presented as follows:whereWhen , then and , where are constants. From the condition of limitation of in the focuses of ellipse and condition of periodicity of functions along coordinate, there ensues the following: . Therefore, and or , and When on boundary the values of the stress vector are given, then the rigid displacements of the ellipse are defined by the equalities. and and , and .
By substituting (22)–(24) and (29) into (28), for determining unknown and , we get the following infinite system of algebraic equations, whose main matrix has a block-diagonal form (see Figure 3).
The dimension of all matrices is and . When , , where .
Thus, the system is uniquely solvable. Let us substitute the obtained values, and , into and . As a result, we obtain the vector .
Problem B. Find regular solutions and to (2) in domain satisfying one of the following boundary conditions (see Figure 1):
The solution of (2) is (18), where function is a solution of (16). The solution of (16) by applying the method of separation of variables is reduced to solutions of the Mathieu differential equation or modified Mathieu differential equations (see Appendix B) [25]. These solutions are known as Mathieu functions. Thus, , where is the solution of Mathieu differential equation (see Appendix C), and is the solution of modified Mathieu differential equations (see Appendix D), where is an arbitrary constant.
Let us assume that harmonic function from (18) is represented in the form of series:Taking into account the boundary conditions (31), to determine unknown coefficients and , we obtain the system of infinite algebraic equations, whose main matrix has a block-diagonal form (Figure 3). By solving this system, we find .
For determining from (17), let us consider the particular cases: keeping in mind the homogeneous boundary conditions, we get or . Let us assume that .
Substituting (32) in (17), we obtain the following equation:The solution of (33) is sought in the following form:where is a harmonic function and it can be obtained in the same way as . Thus, we have is the particular solution of the following equation:The solution of (36) is sought in the formSubstituting (37) in (36), we obtain the relations between and and hence it follows thatorwhere .
Quite similarly, we obtain the solution, when . By combining the obtained results, we obtain an explicit solution of (17).
Remark 1. When we have the nonhomogeneous boundary conditions, then the coefficients in (32) are different from zero, , and function will be obtained by above-mentioned method for each series, separately.
By substituting and in (14), we obtain function . Finally, from (13), we obtain displacement in at arbitrary point. Stress components are defined from (20).
5. Conclusions
The main results of this work can be formulated as follows:(1)The system of equations of the linear equilibrium theory of elasticity for solids with double porosity structure is written in terms of elliptic coordinates.(2)The problems are reduced to the solvability of two types of problem. The first one is similar to the BVPs for the equations of classical elasticity of isotropic bodies, while the second one is the BVPs for the equations of the porous and fissure fluid pressures.(3)Analytical (exact) solutions are obtained for 2D BVPs for the ellipse with double porosity structure.By using the above-mentioned method, the following is possible:(4)It is possible to construct explicitly the solutions of basic BVPs for systems (1) and (2) for simple cases of 2D domains (circle, plane with circular hole.) in the form of absolutely and uniformly convergent series that are useful in the engineering practice.(5)It is possible to obtain numerical solutions of the boundary value problems.(6)It is possible to construct explicitly the solutions of basic BVPs of the systems of equations in the modern linear theories of elasticity, thermoelasticity, and poroelasticity for materials with microstructures and for elastic materials with double porosity for a circle, and so forth.(7)In practice, such BVPs are quite common in many areas of science. The potential users of the obtained results will be the scientists and engineers working on the problems of solid mechanics, micromechanics and nanomechanics, mechanics of materials, engineering mechanics, engineering medicine, biomechanics, engineering geology, geomechanics, hydroengineering, applied and computing mechanics, and applied mathematics.
Appendix
A. Some Basic Formulas in Elliptic Coordinates
If are Cartesian coordinates and are elliptic coordinates , then , , where is scale factor (Figure 4) [26].
The coordinate curves are ellipses and hyperbolas: are metric coefficients (Lamé coefficients).
The Laplacian operator in the elliptic coordinates has the form
The operator grad has the form
The Helmholtz equation can be written asand biharmonic equation has the form
B. Solution of Helmholtz Equation in the Elliptic Coordinates
Helmholtz equation in the elliptic coordinateshas the following form:Let us solve this equation by using the method of separation of variables.
Let function be sought in the formand then Helmholtz equation takes the following form:From here, we obtainLet us rewrite the last equation in the following form:From here, we getThus,Take into account the following identities:We obtainFrom here, we getLet us introduce the notations and ; then we have ; this is the modification differential equation of Mathieu. Consider ; this is the differential equation of Mathieu.
C. The Solutions of Differential Equation of Mathieu
Let us assume that ; then and . The differential equation of Mathieu takes the formThe solutions of this equation have the following forms [25]:(a)When ,(b)When ,where, for ,for ,for ,and, for ,(here ).
D. The Solutions of the Modification Differential Equation of Mathieu
The modification differential equation of Mathieu has the formThe solutions of this equation are as follows [25]:(a)If ,(b)If , then the argument of Bessel function is .
E. Physical Motivation of Double Porosity Model
The double porosity model has received a lot of attention from mathematicians and from engineers. In such a model, there are two pore systems with different permeability. There is first a set of isolated porous blocks of low permeability (sometimes called matrix), surrounded by network of high permeability connected porous medium (usually called fractures network). Pores are pervasive in most of the igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks in the earth’s crust. In fact, porosity found in the earth may have many shapes and sizes, but two types of porosity are more important. One is the matrix porosity, and the other is fracture or crack porosity which may occupy very little volume, but fluid flow occurs primarily through the fracture network.
In physical terms, the theory of poroelasticity postulates that when a porous material is subjected to stress, the resulting matrix deformation leads to volumetric changes in the pores. The pores are filled with fluid. The presence of the fluid results in the flow of the pore fluid between regions of higher and lower pore pressure.
The physical process of coupled deformation is governed by the following equations:(1)The equations of motion [27, 28]:where is the components of total stress tensor, is the reference mass density, and is the body force per unit mass. We assume that subscripts preceded by a comma denote partial differentiation with respect to the corresponding Cartesian coordinate, repeated indices are summed over the range (1,2,3), and the dot denotes differentiation with respect to (here denotes the time variable; ).(2)The equations of fluid mass conservation [5]:where and are the fluid flux vectors for pores and fissures, respectively.
is the components of strain tensor: and are the effective stress parameters and is the internal transport coefficients and corresponds to a fluid transfer rate respecting the intensity of the flow between pores and fissures, , and and are the increments of fluid in pores and fissures, respectively, and are defined by and measure the compressibility of pore and fissure systems, respectively, and and are the cross-coupling compressibility for fluid flow at the interface between the two pore systems at a microscopic level.(3)The constitutive equations (extending Terzaghi’s effective stress concept to double porosity) [1, 5]: and are the Lame constants, and is Kronecker’s delta.(4)Darcy’s law for material with double porosity [7, 8]:where is the fluid viscosity, and are the macroscopic intrinsic permeabilities associated with the matrix and fissure porosity, respectively, and and are the cross-coupling compressibilities for fluid flow at the interface between the matrix and fissure phases; and are the densities of fluid and the external forces for the pore and fissure phases, respectively.
Substituting (E.3)–(E.6) into (E.1) and (E.2), assuming that , , , , , and , we obtain the system of homogeneous equations of motion in the coupled linear theory of elasticity for solids with double porosity structure (see (1) and (2)).
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.