Abstract
The aim of the present work is to analyze the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) squeezing flow through porous medium using homotopy analysis method (HAM). Fourth-order boundary value problem is modeled through stream function and transformation . Absolute residuals are used to check the efficiency and consistency of HAM. Other analytical techniques are compared with the present work. It is shown that results of good agreement can be obtained by choosing a suitable value of convergence control parameter in the valid region . The influence of different parameters on the flow is argued theoretically as well as graphically.
1. Introduction
The squeezing movement normal to two plates is observed in many hydromechanical devices such as motors, engines, and hydraulic lifters, where compression/injection processes using pistons and clutches are found. Due to the utility of these devices, significant research effort is being made for their improvement. Other industrial applications include polymer processing, while medical applications include the modeling of synthetics transportation inside living bodies. As such, the study of squeezing effect, in addition to other properties such as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and porosity, has become one of the most active topics in fluid mechanics. The study of porosity effects after introduction of the modified Darcy Law [1] specifically contributed to oil and gas production industry, detection of ground water pollution due to leakage of chemicals from tanks and oil pipelines, ground water hydrology, and recovery of crude oil from pores of reservoir rocks [2–5]. These contributions and others [6, 7] are generally found in reservoir, chemical, civil, environmental, agricultural, and biomedical engineering.
These studies are typically modeled using small parameters in nonlinear differential equations which are expressed as series expansions. The exact solution using perturbation methods is therefore not always possible and this poses a considerable challenge to researchers. A recently developed analytic method known as homotopy analysis method (HAM) by Liao in 1992, however, has given promising results as it does not require modeling of the small parameter [8]. In fact, in quite contrast, HAM provides a way to accelerate the series solution conversion in the form of auxiliary parameter. The equations are reduced by HAM to a set of linear ordinary differential equations based on the homotopy of topology. These sets of equations can then be computed by mathematical software like Mathematica, Maple, MATLAB, Octave, SageMath, or Maxima. Applications are found in various problems of science and engineering such as expression of skin friction coefficient and reduced Nusselt and Sherwood numbers [9–12]. Analytical tools like homotopy perturbation method (HPM), -expansion method, and Adomian decomposition method (ADM) are special cases of HAM [13].
Mabood and Khan [14, 15] successfully applied homotopy analysis method for the study of heat transfer on MHD stagnation point flow in porous medium and boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a permeable flat plate in a Darcian porous medium. Analytic solutions for unsteady two-dimensional and axisymmetric flows were presented by Rashidi et al. [16]. The study of heat and mass transfer in the context of squeezing flow was performed by Mustafa et al. [17]. Kirubhashankar and Ganesh [18] analyzed electrically conducting MHD viscous flows. A two-dimensional MHD problem was approximated using homotopy perturbation method (HPM) by Siddiqui et al. [19, 20]. Unsteady flow of viscous fluid between porous plates is studied by Ganesh and Krishnambal [21] and Mohamed Ismail et al. [22]. Shevanian et al. [23, 24] successfully used HAM to study singular linear vibrational BVPs and MHD squeezing flow between two parallel disks. The same authors [25, 26] used predictor homotopy analysis method (PHAM) to investigate nonlinear reactive transport model and nanoboundary layer flows with nonlinear Navier boundary condition.
This work is an effort to investigate MHD squeezing flow of Newtonian fluid between two parallel plates passing through porous medium by homotopy analysis method. Using similarity transforms, the governing partial differential equations are converted to equivalent nonlinear ordinary differential equation and then solved using the mentioned scheme. Velocity profile of fluid is argued by varying various parameters involved.
2. Mathematical Model
In two dimensions, if cylindrical coordinates of the velocity of moving plates are , is defined to be , , , , and , , and denote the density, pressure, and permeability, respectively, then, from momentum equation of steady squeezing flow in porous medium with MHD effect, , , and components are as follows.
component is as follows:
component is as follows:
component is as follows:Here, with as imposed magnetic field. Introducing stream function [27] defined byit can be easily proved that the continuity equation is satisfied. With the help of (4) and eliminating , (1) and (3) reduce to single PDE as follows:Here, . If the moving plates are separated by distance , thenUsing transformation , (5) reduces to single ODE as follows:The boundary conditions in (6) are transformed toUsing nondimensional parameters , , , , and and omitting sign, (7) and (8) becomewhere is Reynold and , are Hartmann numbers.
3. Application of HAM to Squeezing Flow
HAM logically contains some analytic techniques such as Adomian’s decomposition method, Lyapunov’s artificial small parameter method, and -expansion method. Thus, this technique can be regarded as a unified or generalized theory of these analytical techniques. Unlike other analytic techniques, the homotopy analysis method provides a simple way to control and adjust the convergence region and rate of solution series of nonlinear problems. Thus, this method is valid for nonlinear problems with strong nonlinearity. Homotopy analysis method provides great freedom to use base functions to express solutions of a nonlinear problem so that one can approximate a nonlinear problem more efficiently by means of better base functions [13].
In the present section, this technique is applied on (9) using boundary conditions (10). For solution expression polynomial base function is used to determine as follows:where are constants. By rule of solution expression and according to conditions in (10), the initial guess of the problem isThe auxiliary linear operator is chosen aswith the propertyHere, are integration constants whose obtained values areBy rule of solution expression in (2.51) and by (2.39) in [13], the auxiliary function is chosen to be .
3.1. Zeroth-Order Deformation Equation
Using the homotopy introduced in [13], zeroth-order deformation equation is given bywhere is a nonlinear operator defined byFrom here, the zeroth-order problem obtained isHere, is an embedding parameter and is a nonzero auxiliary parameter. It is observed that, at , at ,Hence, when varies from 0 to 1, then varies from to . By Maclaurin’s expansion, can be expressed asThe value of the auxiliary parameter is chosen in such a way that the series in (18) converges at ; that is,where .
3.2. th-Order Deformation Equation
Differentiate (18) and (19) -times with respect to and put to get th-order deformation equation as follows:Equation (24) reduces towhere
4. Exact Solution in Case of Zero Reynold Number
In this section, a special case is studied when the Reynold number is zero and hence (9) becomes a linear differential equation. The exact solution obtained using boundary conditions in (10) is given byHere, . Homotopy analysis solution is also derived in this case. The operator in (17) becomesand for th-order deformation equation in (28) becomesIn Table 4, comparison of exact solution with fifth- and tenth-order HAM solutions is made with the help of absolute error.
5. Convergence of HAM Solution
Solution obtained by homotopy analysis method in (23) contains auxiliary parameter which adjusts and controls the convergence. There is great freedom to choose the auxiliary parameter. For influence of on the solution, the convergence of , where is odd, is considered. The valid region of for which converges is shown for different order solutions in Figure 1. The curve versus is said to be -curve. From Figure 1, it is observed that increases with the increase of approximation order. For fifth-order solution, the valid region for is . It is obvious from Figure 2 that when , increase further, the valid region moves towards the right. Figures 3 and 4 are constructed to examine for increasing , , and .
6. Results and Discussion
Analytic solution, using homotopy analysis method, of magnetohydrodynamics squeezing flow through porous medium is studied. Four figures (Figures 1–4) are constructed, for various values of Reynold and Hartmann numbers, to examine the valid region which has a vital role in convergence of analytic solution. Table 1 shows different order absolute residuals for HAM solutions and it is clear to see that as the order of approximation increases further, the solution converges to exact solution. Fifth-order absolute residuals for various values of and for fixed values of , are displayed in Table 2. Table 3 is constructed to display tenth-order absolute residuals for different values of , , and while keeping Reynold number fixed. Exact solution is obtained in case of zero Reynold number when the differential equation in (9) becomes linear. Fifth- and tenth-order HAM solutions are compared with this exact solution in Table 4 using the concept of absolute error. Keeping and Reynold and Hartmann numbers fixed, Table 5 displays different order HAM solutions. Table 6 shows important information about the consistency and efficiency of HAM by means of average absolute residuals for fifth-order approximation. Convergence of the present technique is given in Table 7 for different order approximations by means of , , , and . As becomes zero for even , odd order derivatives are taken to study the convergence of the technique used. Comparison of different analytical techniques and one numerical Mathematica command NDSolve with the present work is displayed in Table 8 which shows that results obtained by HAM are in high agreement. One can refine these results by selecting suitable in the valid region . The rapid convergence of HAM can also be seen in Figure 5 which shows the residuals of various analytical schemes.
7. Conclusion
All tables (Tables 1–8) show the efficiency and consistency of the mentioned scheme. The valid region can be more refined to choose such value of for which the obtained solution converges rapidly which is the beauty of the present analytic technique. It is also observed that while increasing the value of Hartmann numbers (Figures 2 and 4), the valid region moves towards the right. Table 3 also tells the same story. The influences of different parameters on the velocity profile are displayed in Figures 6–9 and the following observations are made:(1)Velocity of fluid in porous medium and the Reynold number are inversely proportional to each other; that is, increasing Reynold number (when density of fluid increases) results in the decrease in velocity of fluid while keeping Hartmann number fixed as shown in Figure 6.(2)Figure 7 shows that while increasing (i.e., increasing the imposed magnetic effect) and keeping , fixed, the velocity of fluid increases.(3)The same effect is studied in Figure 8 by increasing (i.e., when the permeability decreases) and keeping and fixed.(4)Increasing Hartmann and Reynold numbers together, it is observed from Figure 9 that the velocity of fluid increases. It is concluded that Hartmann number is more influential as compared to Reynold number.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.