Effect of Silicon, Titanium, and Zirconium Ion Implantation on NiTi Biocompatibility

Table 1

Types and description of surface treatment of the NiTi specimens.

Type of treatment	Substrate material and type of previous surface treatment	Finishing treatment	Specimen marking
1	2	3	4
𝐴	NiTi	Step 1: etching	NiTi-A
		Step 2: electropolishing
		Step 1: etching
𝐵	NiTi	Step 2: mechanical polishing	NiTi-B
		Step 3: electropolishing
𝐺	NiTi-A	Step 4: HDII	NiTi-AG
	NiTi-B	with Zr, 𝐷Zr = 2 × 10^17 cm^−2	NiTi-BG
𝐻	NiTi-A	Step  4: HDII	NiTi-AH
	NiTi-B	with Ti, 𝐷Ti = 2 × 10^17 cm^−2	NiTi-BH
𝐽	NiTi-A	Step 4: HDII	NiTi-AJ
	NiTi-B	with Si, 𝐷Si = 2 × 10^17 cm^−2	NiTi-BJ