Self-Healing Materials Systems: Overview of Major Approaches and Recent Developed Technologies

Table 1

Nonexhaustive main developments in self-healing polymer composites.

Host material	Healing system	Stimulus	Best efficiency achieved	Healing condition	Test method	Ref.
Thermosetting and/or thermosetting composites	Hollow glass fibre	Mechanical	93%	24 hours at ambient atm.	Flexure Strength	[11–20]
	Microencapsulation approach		80–93%	48 h at 80°C; 24 h at Ambient then 24 h at 80°C	Fatigue resistance Fracture toughness Tensile strength	[21, 22]
	Microvascular network		60–70%; 7–30 cycles	12 hours at ambient atm.	Fracture toughness	[23, 24]
	Thermoplastic additives		30–100%	10 min at 120°C; 1-2 h at 130–160°C	Flexure strength Tensile strength Impact strength	[25, 26]
	Shape memory alloy	Electrical	77%	24 hours at ambient atm.	Fracture toughness	[27]
	Carbon fibre		46%	1–20 minutes at 70–120°C	Impact strength	[28]
Elastomeric	Silicone rubber	Mechanical	70–100%	48 hours at ambient atm.	Tear strength	[29]
Thermoplastic	Molecular diffusion		100%	5 min. at 60°C.	Fracture toughness	[30]
	Photo-induced healing	Photo	26%	10 min. at 100°C	Flexure strength	[31]