Shape-Evolution and Growth Mechanism of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Polyhedrons

Chen, Liqiao; Zhou, Qiang; Xiong, Qingfeng; Li, Wenlin; Liu, Jisong; Yang, Xianfeng

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/763124

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 763124 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/763124

Shape-Evolution and Growth Mechanism of Fe₃O₄ Polyhedrons

Liqiao Chen,^1,2Qiang Zhou,²Qingfeng Xiong,³Wenlin Li,³Jisong Liu,³and Xianfeng Yang²

Academic Editor: Joke Hadermann

Received17 Aug 2015

Revised01 Nov 2015

Accepted19 Nov 2015

Published13 Dec 2015

Abstract

The shape evolution of spinel-structured Fe₃O₄ was systematically investigated using a one-pot solvothermal route. Using FeCl₃·6H₂O as the precursor, triangular and hexagonal plates, octahedrons, dodecahedrons, and spherical Fe₃O₄ were obtained by selecting the adequate ration of NaOH, N₂H₄·H₂O, Fe³⁺, and EDTA. The slow nucleation and growth rate favor the formation of low energy plate-like products, and the spherical crystals are obtained as the result of extremely fast nucleation and growth rate. It is also suggested that the generating rate of Fe(II) reduced from Fe(III) probably affects the growth speed along different facets, further influencing the final size and shape of the produced crystals.

1. Introduction

Polyhedral micro- and nanoparticles with specific facets have attracted considerable attention because of their abundant size- and shape-dependent physical and chemical properties [1–4]. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄), a traditional material, has found many applications, such as magnetic fluids [5, 6] and microwave absorption [7, 8]. Recently, Fe₃O₄ micro- and nanoparticles with specific facets have attracted growing interest because of their unique performance in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [9, 10] and drug delivery [9, 11] and their catalytic and lithium storage properties [12–15]. Therefore, it remains necessary to explore more effective shape-control methods for Fe₃O₄ crystals.

From a crystallographic viewpoint, Fe₃O₄ has a cubic inverse spinel structure with oxygen anions forming a face-centered-cubic (FCC) close-packed structure. As a FCC crystal, a general sequence of surface energies may hold, , which indicates that the Fe₃O₄ crystals usually exist with lattice planes as the basal surfaces [16]. The difference in , the growth rate in to that of , results in a series of polyhedral shapes; however, the factors controlling this difference remain controversial. Zhang et al. fabricated Fe₃O₄ octahedrons and suggested that ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) provides the octahedral chemical environments for Fe³⁺ ions [17]. Chen et al. reported that the reaction temperature and amount of N₂H₄·H₂O play important roles in determining the sizes and morphologies of the Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals [18]. Some polymers or additives were also fabricated to control the Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals [19, 20]. The results from Kumar et al. indicated that the shapes and sizes of Fe₃O₄ are controlled by adjusting the concentrations of the precursor with an invariable base medium [21]. Most of the views indicate that the pH value of the precursor solution is the key factor affecting the morphologies of the products [16]. Therefore, it remains necessary to systematically study the shape-evolution process and determine the underlying shape-evolution mechanisms for Fe₃O₄ particles.

In this study, dodecahedral, octahedral, hexagonal, and triangular plates were synthesized using a simple solution-phase route, and the shape evolution of Fe₃O₄ was systematically investigated by controlling the different conditions. Our results will enrich the controlling methods and clarify their evolution mechanism of Fe₃O₄ polyhedrons.

2. Experimental Section

Preparation. Iron trichloride (FeCl₃·6H₂O, Guangdong Guanghua Chemical Co., Ltd.), EDTA [(C₁₀H₁₆O₈N₂), Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory], hydrated hydrazine [N₂H₄·H₂O (85%), Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.], and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory) were of analytical grade and used as raw materials without further purification.

In a typical synthesis of Fe₃O₄ polyhedrons, 1.7 mmol EDTA was added to an 8.0 mL aqueous solution of 1.0 mmol FeCl₃·6H₂O under vigorous magnetic stirring. Then, N₂H₄·H₂O (85%) and NaOH were rapidly added to the mixture. The entire mixture was intensively stirred for another 30 min to obtain a homogeneous solution, which was sealed in a stainless-steel autoclave and maintained at 220°C for 10 h followed by natural cooling to room temperature. The resulting black solid products were rinsed with distilled water and absolute ethanol several times and finally dried in a desiccator at 60°C for 4 h for further characterization.

Characterization. The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns were recorded with a Rigaku D/MAX 2200 VPC diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15045 nm) and a graphite monochromator. SEM images were taken with a FEI Quanta 400 Thermal FE environmental scanning electron microscope. Samples were coated with gold before the SEM analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were recorded on an ESCALAB 250 spectrometer to characterize the particle surfaces using an energy analyzer in the pass energy mode at 20 eV and an Al Kα line applied as the excitation source.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effect of NaOH Concentration

According to many reports in the literatures [16, 17], the pH value has a great effect on the formation of Fe₃O₄ polyhedrons. To verify this claim, different conditions were implemented with NaOH additions of 2.0 mmol, 3.75 mmol, 5.0 mmol, and 12.5 mmol with a fixed dosage of hydrazine hydrate (1.5 mL). The powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) patterns in Figure 1 match well with JCPDS Card No. 89-3854 for cubic Fe₃O₄ with nm, confirming that all of the products are cubic-structure iron oxides. However, it is difficult to distinguish the γ-Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ phases only from the XRD patterns because of their similarity. XPS analysis (Figure 2) was performed to further ascertain the phase of the synthesized typical products (NaOH = 5.0 mmol). The binding energies relating to Fe2p_3/2 and Fe2p_1/2 are approximately 710.6 and 724.9 eV, respectively. The Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ signals are forming the same peak, which can be deconvoluted in the two peaks ( ~ 708 and 710 eV). No satellite peak between the Fe2p_3/2 and Fe2p_1/2 peaks is observed, and these are in good agreement with the results for Fe₃O₄ reported in the literature [22]. Therefore, the XPS results also confirmed the composition of Fe₃O₄.

The morphologies of four samples were further examined via SEM observation, and the results are presented in Figure 3. The sample synthesized with NaOH = 2.0 mmol mainly consisted of truncated octahedrons (Figure 3(a)). Octahedrons were obtained when NaOH = 3.75 mmol (Figure 3(b)). Continually increasing the amount of alkali to 5.0 mmol, the products are mainly dodecahedral structures (Figure 3(c)). Some irregular spherical-like crystals were obtained when the addition of alkali was increased to 12.5 mmol (Figure 3(d)). The sizes of the four products decreased upon increasing the alkali content, which should result from the fast nucleation and growth rate along different facets [23]. In addition, the results also reveal that, upon increasing the amount of OH⁻ in the solution, the Fe₃O₄ shapes transform into high-energy dodecahedrons.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.2. Effect of N₂H₄·H₂O Dosage

Using the above-mentioned route and fixing the pH at 9, the effect of the N₂H₄·H₂O dosage was investigated in the range of 0.8–2.5 mL.

The SEM images of the samples (Figure 4) reveal that the morphology evolution of samples was controlled from plate to octahedron to truncated dodecahedron and eventually to a complete dodecahedron upon increasing the dosage of N₂H₄·H₂O from 0.8 mL to 2.5 mL. Herein, the alkaline contents in the solution were all adjusted for pH = 9. Therefore, the experimental results indicate that the dosage of the reducing agent can also bring the shape evolution of Fe₃O₄ polyhedrons. Xuan et al. observed that the Fe³⁺ and reductant concentration of vitamin C directly affected the final morphology in the preparation of Fe₃O₄ [24]. Xu et al. also observed that an appropriate EG/H₂O ratio in the solvent is crucial for the formation of polyhedral nanocrystals [1]. Our results are consistent with these reports and indicate that a high concentration of reductant favors the formation of high-energy surface polyhedrons.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.3. The Effect of Concentration of Fe³⁺ in the Starting Materials

Further, the effect of Fe³⁺ concentration in the starting materials was also studied for shape evolution of Fe₃O₄ through four other experiments according to the similar synthesis process; that is, the amount of FeCl₃·6H₂O is 0.05 mmol or 2.5 mmol differently. The SEM images of the as-obtained samples corresponded to Figure 5. Under the condition of the low monomer concentration ([Fe³⁺] = 0.5 mmol), the as-obtained products are dodecahedrons (Figure 5(a)). [Fe³⁺] was increased to 2.5 mmol at fixed pH = 9; some irregular polyhedrons and many small particles are found, which probably shows there are two different growth routes in the process. The irregular and big polyhedrons should be the result of Ostwald ripening, and many small particles are generated probably due to the fast nucleation rates.

(a)

(b)

Finally, we studied the effect of EDTA on the morphology at pH = 9, and the results are presented in Figure 6. In the presence of EDTA, the morphologies of the products are micrododecahedrons about 3 μm (Figure 6(a)). The morphologies changed from micrododecahedrons to nanooctahedrons in the absence of EDTA, although the nanooctahedrons are not perfect (Figure 6(b)). This result shows that EDTA not only alters the shapes of products, but also favors the formation of the bigger crystals, which is probably because EDTA has a strong coordinating ability with Fe³⁺ and forms a very stable complex ( = 10²⁵), which reduces the nucleation and growth rate of Fe₃O₄ crystals.

(a)

(b)

3.4. Growth and Evolution Mechanism of the Different Polyhedrons

Fe₃O₄ octahedrons are surrounded by eight facets, and dodecahedral crystals expose the basal surfaces. The top and bottom surfaces of Fe₃O₄ triangular plates are bounded by facets, and the three sides are bounded by facets [25]. The exposed facets of hexagonal plates are the same as those of the triangular plates, which can be considered as the result of the alternating arrangement of six triangular plates.

Based on the experiment results, we can summarize the shape evolution mechanism of Fe₃O₄ polyhedrons as in Table 1. When the NaOH concentration was high, the growth rates on various planes are fast that the differential growth is not significant, leading to a spherical shape. Except for the spherical-like structure, the typical shapes of Fe₃O₄ in this paper also include octahedrons, dodecahedrons, and plates. The shapes and facets of the as-synthesized Fe₃O₄ crystals are sketched in Figure 7 [17, 25, 26]. In general, the facet growth rates were governed by the intrinsic surface energy. As a FCC crystal, a general sequence of surface energies may hold, in spinel oxides [23]. However, from the perspective of the growth kinetics, it is widely accepted that the growth rate of crystal facets can be controlled by experiment conditions, such as concentrations of primary materials, reaction temperature, and the surfactants. The as-grown crystal morphology is dominated by the slow-growing faces because the fast-growing faces may grow out and not be represented in the final crystal habit.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

The plate-like particles expose the and basal surfaces, which are with lowest surface energy among all of polyhedrons in this paper, so this structure can be obtained under the lowest concentration of reducing agent. Many results have reported that a difference and change of cation site occupancy in spinel oxide result in some different structures and performances [27–30]. Fe₃O₄ has an inverse spinel structure with the formula (Fe³⁺)A(Fe²⁺Fe³⁺)BO₄. Tetrahedral sites (A site, ) are occupied by Fe³⁺, whereas octahedral sites (B site, ) are occupied by equal numbers of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in Fe₃O₄ bulk [23]. The shape-dependent occupancy of the cation sites was recently measured using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra. Cheng observed that the different terminated planes are mainly composed of different Fe atoms and Fe(III)/Fe(II) ratios [31]. Hu et al. reported the effect of the cobalt doping concentration on the crystalline structure nanoparticles [32]. Therefore, in this paper, it is suggested that the generating rate of Fe(II) reduced from Fe(III) probably affects the growth speed along different facets, which further determined the shapes of the final products.

At the same pH value, the morphological evolution of Fe₃O₄ from octahedron into high-energy dodecahedron was observed upon increasing the dosage of hydrazine because the hydrazine hydrate as a strong reducing agent increased the generating speed of Fe(II). At the same dosage of hydrazine hydrate, OH⁻ enhanced the hydrazine reduction ability by improving the solution chemical potential, further improving the reducing rate of Fe(III) into Fe(II) [33]. Therefore, we propose that a high reducing rate of Fe(III) into Fe(II) favors the formation of the dodecahedral shape, in turn favoring the octahedron formation.

4. Conclusions

In this study, the morphological evolution of Fe₃O₄ was systematically investigated. The platy, octahedral, dodecahedral, and spherical Fe₃O₄ were synthesized through tuning the pH of the system, dosage of hydrazine hydrate, precursor concentration, and the presence/absence of EDTA. Based on the experimental results, both the nucleation and growth rate and the generating rate of Fe(II) affect the shapes and sizes of as-synthesized products. The slow nucleation and growth rate favor the formation of low energy plate-like products, and the spherical crystals were obtained as the result of extremely fast nucleation and growth rate. The fact that the different terminated planes are mainly composed of different Fe atoms and Fe(III)/Fe(II) ratios probably makes the reducing rate of Fe(III) into Fe(II) control the evolution of shape from decahedrons to octahedrons.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 51261008).

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Copyright © 2015 Liqiao Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Shape-Evolution and Growth Mechanism of Fe3O4 Polyhedrons

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Section

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effect of NaOH Concentration

3.2. Effect of N2H4·H2O Dosage

3.3. The Effect of Concentration of Fe3+ in the Starting Materials

3.4. Growth and Evolution Mechanism of the Different Polyhedrons

4. Conclusions

Conflict of Interests

Acknowledgment

References

Copyright

Shape-Evolution and Growth Mechanism of Fe₃O₄ Polyhedrons

3.2. Effect of N₂H₄·H₂O Dosage

3.3. The Effect of Concentration of Fe³⁺ in the Starting Materials