Improved Indium-Free Transparent ZnO/Metal/ZnO Electrode through a Statistical Experimental Design Method

Chen, Pang Shiu; Peng, Cheng-Hsiung; Chang, Yu-Wei; Lin, Tzu Wei; Lee, S. W.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7258687

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 7258687 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7258687

Improved Indium-Free Transparent ZnO/Metal/ZnO Electrode through a Statistical Experimental Design Method

Pang Shiu Chen,¹Cheng-Hsiung Peng,¹Yu-Wei Chang,¹Tzu Wei Lin,^2,3and S. W. Lee²

Academic Editor: Somchai Thongtem

Received01 Nov 2015

Revised03 Jan 2016

Accepted13 Jan 2016

Published23 Feb 2016

Abstract

ZnO/Ag/ZnO (ZAZ) and ZnO/Cu/ZnO (ZCZ) were prepared. The dependence of crystalline, electrical, and optical properties for the multilayer on the postdeposition annealing (PDA) was studied. After PDA of 300°C for 20 min, the diffusion of Cu in ZnO occurs; this result is responsible for the increasing resistance of the annealed ZCZ. Ag with a thickness of 10 nm was deposited upon ZnO. The interface of ZnO and Ag is clearly revealed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The crystalline of ZnO and Ag films in the ZAZ with a sheet resistance () down to 4.17 Ω/sq. The ZAZ layer shows a better thermal stability (up to 400°C) than that of the ZCZ ones. The PDA degraded slightly the optical transmittance and increases the conductivity of ZAZ layer. The figure of merit (FOM) is applied to analysis of the ZAZ layer. The PDA can enhance the FOM of the ZAZ with Ag thickness >8 nm. The resulting and the transmittance ZAZ layers were analyzed by the Taguchi method to obtain the appropriate parameters. The optimized ZAZ has been verified with a of 2.3 Ω/sq, a high transmittance (71%), and the optimal FOM of 1.41 × 10⁻² Ω⁻¹.

1. Introduction

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a compound semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 3.2~3.37 eV and a lager exciton binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature (RT), which results in potential applications in optoelectronics and solar cells [1–3]. A highly conductive and transparent ZnO layer can be prepared by doping with group IIIA elements, such as B, Al, Ga, and In [4–7]. Doped ZnO films exhibit good electrical conductivity and optical transmission in the visible region. Although ZnO: dopant layer has shown low resistance and high transmission characteristics, there is a limitation to an increase in conductivity that can be achieved just by increasing the carrier concentration because of ionized impurity scattering [8]. Hence, ZnO: dopants films cannot meet the requirement of many applications. ZnO-metal-ZnO sandwiched structures with different metal midlayer have been explored to the improvement of conductivity without degradation of optical transmission in visible region. The inserted metal layer with low conductivity is required. It is well known that Au [9], Al [10], Cu [11], and Pt [12] all show good conductivity. Cu layer with advantages of low cost is a good candidate for the metal midlayer. Furthermore, Ag film is demonstrated to be the lowest absorptivity in the visible region for the metal layer [13]. The combination of Ag and another transparent conductive electrode (TCE) also got a lot of attention recently [14, 15]. Substrate temperature during the sputtering deposition or postdeposition annealing (PDA) can be used to enhance the ZnO: dopant layer with low resistance and enough transmittance [16, 17]. In the report of Sahu and Huang [18], substrate temperature will degrade the resistance of ZnO and Ag based multilayer. Till now, there are few papers about the thermal stability of the ZnO multilayers [19]. In this work, the influences of growth parameters on the resistance and optical transmission of ZnO/Cu/ZnO (ZCZ) and ZnO/Ag/ZnO (ZAZ) stacked layer were studied. PDA for the multilayer with different temperatures was also carried out to tailor the transparence and the conductivity of ZCZ and ZAZ films. The ZAZ films show superior thermal stability than that of ZCZ ones.

It has been shown that efficient analyses of product-quality characteristics can be achieved using a statistical experimental design method, that is, the Taguchi method, which is a combination of mathematical and statistical techniques used in an empirical study [20–23]. This method has been adopted to optimize various growth parameters and PDA for the ZAZ multilayers due to its potential advantages of experimental efficiency and reproducibility. Therefore, the Taguchi method was utilized in this work to identify the optimal conditions and to select the parameters having the greatest influence on the resistance and optical transmission properties of the resulting ZAZ stacked layer and optimize the performance of transparent conducting ZAZ films by the figure of merits (FOM), which are proposed by Haacke [24].

The objectives of this work were (1) to explore the thermal stability of ZCZ and ZAZ after PDA, (2) to apply the Taguchi method to evaluate the effects of the experimental parameters on the resistance and optical transmittance properties of the resulting ZAZ stacked layer, and (3) to optimize the experimental parameters and carry out a verification experiment using the optimal conditions.

2. Experimental

2.1. Preparation and Materials Analysis of ZnO Multilayers

The ZnO and Cu (Ag) multilayers were prepared on corning 1730 glass in a radio-frequency (RF) sputtering system and an evaporation system. The working distance between the substrate and the ZnO target is ~7 cm. The glass substrates were initially treated by O plasma induced by RF plasma of 50 W for 10 min. Before the deposition of ZnO layer, the target was cleaned by using Ar plasma for 10 min to remove target contamination. Then, the samples were coated with 20 nm thick ZnO layer as the buffer layers (BL) by sputtering with different power, followed by different thickness of Cu or Ag embedded layer by evaporation method. Finally, the samples were covered with ZnO capping layer. Sputtering was performed at RT. The 40 nm thick ZnO films were also prepared for comparison. The based pressure of the system reached 5 × 10⁻⁶ torr. In this study, the sputtering of the ZnO target was performed at a pressure of 3 mtorr with Ar flow rate of 100 sccm. Symbol of ZA()Z is denoted as the sample with -nm thick Ag layer. Some samples were treated at the temperature range of 150 to 500°C for 20 min to carry out the PDA with the furnace under N₂ ambient to explore the thermal stability of ZCZ or ZAZ multilayers.

The structural properties of the multilayer were identified by applying X-ray diffraction (XRD), which was performed on a SIEMENS D5000 X-ray diffractometer with Cu-Kα₁ radiation ( nm). In addition, the crystallite size of the stacked films was calculated by the X-ray line-broadening technique performed on the (0002) diffraction of the ZnO lattice based on the Scherrer formula [25]:where is the Bragg angle of the diffraction lines, is the wavelength of the incident X-ray, and is the full width at half maximum (FWHM). The morphological features and microstructure of the samples were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL 6500F) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Joel JEM-2010). The thickness of the ZnO multilayer was measured by a surface profiler. The optical properties of the ZAZ multilayer films were characterized by a JASCO V550 spectrometer. The spectral transmittance and reflectance were measured at normal incidence in the wavelength range = 300–800 nm. The sheet resistance of the ZAZ (ZCZ) films was obtained with a four-point probe system. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photon-electron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to monitor the distribution of Ag (Cu) atoms in the ZAZ (ZCZ) stacked layer after PDA of 450°C for 20 min (300°C for 20 min).

2.2. Taguchi Design

For the experimental design, we chose to study three parameters that could affect the resistance and transparent properties of the ZAZ stacked layer: the plasma power for the first ZnO layer, the thickness of inserted Ag layer, and the temperature of PDA. By using the Taguchi method to optimize the transparent and conductive properties of the ZAZ stacked layer, these three experimental parameters were taken as the controlling factors in the stacked layer; the plasma power for the first ZnO layer was symbolized as (W), the thickness of inserted Ag layer as (nm), and the temperature of PDA as (°C). Each experimental parameter was varied at three levels for study. The three experimental parameters and their corresponding levels are shown in Table 1. A template of the (3⁴) orthogonal array, as given in Liu et al. [20], was selected for study with the Taguchi method, as shown in Table 2. As seen here, there were in total nine experiments needed for this work. Each experiment was repeated three times. Two characteristics of the ZAZ multilayer, that is, the transmittance at the wavelength of 550 nm and the resistance, were selected as the quality characteristics and used for the response analysis. A verification experiment was finally performed to clarify the Taguchi-derived optimum processing conditions.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Microstructures and Basic Characterizations of ZnO Films

The dependence of growth rate of the ZnO films on the RF plasma power in this work is depicted in Figure 1. The film thickness of 40 nm for each RF power is prepared for comparison. The evolution of XRD spectra of the 40 nm thick films on different RF plasma power is shown in Figure 2. The ZnO film exhibits a strong diffraction peak at about , which is associated with the (0002) plane of hexagonal phase ZnO [JCPDS, Card 04-0783] and indicated that all of the obtained ZnO layers at RT are polycrystalline. On increasing of the sputtering power, the FWHM of the X-ray spectrum slightly increase. This result is consistent with that of Lu et al. [26]. By the Scherrer formula, the grain size of the ZnO films can be derived as 13~15 nm. The asymmetric O peak was fitted by two nearly Gaussian components, centered at 530.2 and 531.4 eV, respectively, as shown in Figure 3. There are some nonlattice O atoms in the matrix of as-prepared ZnO films by sputtering [27], which suggest that there are some defects in the sputtered ZnO films.

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(b)

3.2. ZCZ Multilayers

The compositional profiles revealed by AES for as-prepared ZCZ with an 8 nm thickness Cu layer and annealed ones after 300°C for 20 min are presented (Figure 4(a)). In Figure 4(a), the position of Cu interlayer is located at the upper ZnO layer and the bottom one in the as-grown ZCZ layer. However, for the annealed sample (Figure 4(a)), the out-diffusion of Cu atoms from the ZnO matrix is obviously observed. The formation of Cu based oxide on the surface of ZnO film, which is clarified by XRD (not shown here), is also found. The dependence of the resistance of ZCZ on the annealing temperature is depicted in Figure 4(b). In the report of Yang et al. [28], the Cu atoms were observed to lose their electrons and become Cu²⁺ ions after annealing. The resistance of the ZCZ stacked layer increases as the samples under PDA temperature > 300°C. These charged Cu ions may be the scattering centers, which reduce the conductivity of the ZCZ multilayers [7]. According to the dependence of the Cu compositional profile and resistance in the ZCZ stacked layer on the PDA temperature, the thermal stability of Cu is poor. High PDA temperature leads to increase in the resistance of ZCZ sandwiched structure; the diffusion of Cu in the ZnO matrix is responsible for this result.

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(b)

3.3. ZAZ Multilayers

The optimization of Ag thickness in the ZAZ multilayer is reported to be important for a high quality transparent electrode [18, 29]. The UV-Vis spectra of AZ (Figure 5(a)) and ZAZ (Figure 5(b)) multilayers with different Ag thickness after different temperature of PDA are shown. In the AZ series samples, their optical transmittance at 550 nm value decreases with the increasing thickness of the Ag layer (see Figure 5(c)). However, the insert of a 10 nm thick Ag layer leads to an increase in the optical transmittance of 71.05% at a wavelength of 550 nm as shown in Figure 5(c). The 5 nm Ag layer in the ZAZ stacked layer plays a role as a reflector, which suppresses its visible transmittance (41% at 550 nm). However, further increasing the Ag thickness above 15 nm resulted in a decrease in the transmittance. With enough thickness, the Ag layer may create an amplified electric field through the metal surface plasmon resonance [30]. This result may be responsible for the increase of the visible transmittance of ZAZ layer with a 10 nm thick Ag. The Ag/ZnO layer with an identical Ag thickness also shows a lower optical transmittance than that of ZAZ multilayer. Figure 6(a) shows the cross-sectional TEM images of the ZAZ multilayer with 10 nm thick Ag and the diffraction pattern of ZnO is presented in Figure 6(b). The ZAZ clearly revealed well-defined ZnO and Ag layers without the formation of an interface layer. There is no evidence of an interfacial reaction between the Ag and ZnO layers due to the stability of the coexistence of ZnO and Ag layers at RT. Considering the formation enthalpy of ZnO (350.4 kJ/mol), the dissociation of ZnO by the formation of Ag₂O (31.1 kJ/mol) layer cannot easily occur [31]. All the microstructures of ZnO layers in the ZAZ show polycrystalline as confirmed by the X-ray spectra. However, the Ag layer sandwiched between the ZnO layers showed a crystalline structure with a (111) preferred orientation, as expected from the XRD result discussed later, even though it was grown at RT. The Ag film also forms a continuous layer, which is beneficial for the resistance of the stacked layer and discussed later.

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(b)

(c)

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(b)

The X-ray diffraction spectra of ZAZ films with various Ag thicknesses of 5, 10, and 15 nm are present in Figure 7(a). The ZnO BL were grown by using RF power of 150 W. And Figure 7(b) shows the dependence of resistance and FOM of the ZAZ on the inserted Ag thickness. The XRD pattern for the ZAZ stacked layer had different Ag thickness (5, 10, and 15 nm). The peak around 33.7° belongs to the ZnO (0002) and the peak observed around 38.35° corresponds to the Ag (111) peak. The FWHM and intensity of X-ray spectrum for ZA(5)Z layer seem to be wider and lower than those of one with 10 (15) nm. This result suggested that the 5 nm thick Ag above ZnO BL will degrade the crystalline of the successive ZnO top layer. The resistance of as-prepared ZnO film is higher than 0.14 GΩ. A high quality of as-grown ZAZ stacked layer that consisted of a 5 nm thick Ag layer with as low as 45 Ω/sq was obtained and could be reproduced by controlling the preparation process parameters. The resistance of ZAZ multilayers was reduced effectively by an increasing thickness of the inserted Ag film as shown in Figure 7(b). Finally, the performance of the ZAZ multilayers as transparent conducting materials was also compared using FOM. The FOM for all the multilayers after PDA for the application of transparent conductive electrode are calculated using the formulas as follows: where is the transmittance at 550 nm and is sheet resistance of the multilayer coatings [24]. The ZA(10)Z grown at RT owns the highest FOM of .

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(b)

The thermal stability of ZAZ multilayers was also studied. The compositional depth profiles revealed by the AES results obtained from the ZAZ sample on glass with or without PDA (400°C for 20 min) are presented in Figure 8. The compositional profiles of Ag atoms seem insensitive of the annealing treatment (<400°C for 20 min). The thermal stability of ZAZ sandwiched structure is superior to that of ZCZ one (comparing Figures 4(a) and 8). The X-ray spectra of ZA(10)Z under different annealing temperature are presented in Figure 9(a). After PDA of 400°C for 20 min, the peak of ZnO (0002) shifts to high Bragg’s angle (34.4°), which suggests that the as-prepared ZnO film is under compressive stress along the in-plane direction. The PDA treatment can reduce the strain of ZnO. The FWHM of Ag (111) decrease with the increasing PDA temperature (Figure 9(b)), which can improve the crystalline of the inserted Ag layer. The grain size of ZnO also enlarge with the increasing of PDA temperature. The surface roughness in the ZAZ stacked layer increases with the increasing of high PDA temperature (>200°C) (not shown here). The visible transmittance and resistance and roughness of ZA(8)Z films as a function of PDA temperature are presented in Figures 10(a)-10(b). The wavelength of visible light @ 550 nm decreases with the increasing of PDA temperature up to 200°C. Some broken ZnO and Ag films were observed on the surface of ZAZ multilayer treated with the PDA temperature > 500°C, which leads to the abrupt increase of their visible transparency in the range from 400 to 800 nm (Figure 10(a)); however, their value is out of range for the instrument, and the discontinuous Ag layer induced by PDA may be responsible for this result. However, the conductivity of the multilayer exhibits a different tendency, as shown in Figure 10(b). An enough PDA treatment up to 400°C for 20 min will be beneficial for the reduction of resistance of the multistack with retained visible transmittance. These results also suggest that the degradation of transparence in the ZAZ layer may be due to rough surface or scattering by the free carriers in the ZnO matrix [18].

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(b)

(a)

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(c)

The Ag thickness was also found to be a strong function of FOM after thermal treatment in the ITO and Ag stacked layer [32]. In Figure 10(c), the FOM of Ag thickness in ZAZ multilayer is 8 or 10 nm, respectively. The film with ZA(8)Z after PDA of 400°C for 20 min has the highest FOM value of 9.2 × 10⁻⁴ Ω⁻¹. The inserted Ag layer with 10 nm thick can improve the FOM of the multilayer of ZAZ. Maintenance of enough visible transmittance and low induced by the 10 nm thick Ag are responsible for this result. The highest FOM of ZA(10)Z multilayer after PDA of 200°C for 20 min is ~1.25 × 10⁻² Ω⁻¹. In this work, enough PDA treatment can increase the FOM of ZAZ with enough thickness of Ag film; however, it is desirable to carry out a design of experiment to find optimum parameters for the preparation of ZAZ layers under a PDA treatment.

3.4. Taguchi Method Analysis for the ZAZ Multilayers under PDA

The Taguchi method provides the user to determine the optimum experimental conditions having the least variability. In this work, the signal-to-noise ratio is adopted to obtain the deviation of the selected quality properties from their target values. The experimental results with the maximum ratio are thus considered as the optimal conditions. The ratio is defined aswhere the MSD is the mean squared deviation from the desired value of the output characteristic [19]. The value of the ratio is desired to be maximized; therefore, the value of the MSD needs to be minimized. The MSD is defined differently for each of the three quality characteristics considered: namely, bigger is better, smaller is better, and nominal is better. In this section, the response analyses of the ratios are used to figure out the optimum results for the preparation of ZAZ multilayers with low resistance and high optical transmission (i.e., a larger value at the wavelength of 550 nm). The former feature is the characteristic of smaller is better, while the latter one is attributed to the bigger is better response. Their MSD values are, respectively, defined as [21]where is the result of experiment and is the sample size .

In Section 3.3, the experimental results present that the resistance and transparence in the visible region of the resulting ZAZ sandwiched structure could be determined by the inserted Ag thickness, the sputtering power of ZnO BL, and the PDA temperature. The raw data and the corresponding ratios for the resistance and the value of the nine designed experiments, calculated using (3)–(5), are listed in Table 2. The average ratios for each experimental parameter at each level are summarized, and the responses for the resistance and the values are shown in Table 3. The response to each parameter level is shown in Figure 11. Here, a higher ratio indicates a larger contribution by given experimental conditions at the level to the objective function. Moreover, greater slopes of the connecting lines of the ratios indicate larger effects of the experimental parameters on the objective function. Therefore, the optimum conditions for the resistance are factor at level 3, at level 2, and at level 3, whereas those for the value are also at level 3, at level 2, and at level 3.

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(b)

3.5. Prediction and Confirmation of ZAZ Stacked Layer Properties

According to the definition of FOM with high value, the transmittance value of the ZAZ is more significant than their resistance value. To prepare ZnO and Ag multilayers with a low and large value, the Ag thicknesses were selected as 10 nm, as the experimental condition of 10 nm gave rise to the largest ratio (36.25) in the value as well as the reasonable ratio in the value (see Table 3). The adoption of the other experimental condition of PDA of 400°C was used to obtain an acceptable resistance value. It is thus suggested that 300 W of plasma power (), an inserted 10 nm thick Ag film (), and PDA temperature of 400°C () could be the optimal conditions based on the consideration of processing economics.

The predicted ratio using the appropriate levels of the experimental parameters can be calculated as where is the total average ratio, whereas , , and are the mean ratios at the optimal level of each experimental parameter. In the case of resistance, the value of calculated from Table 2 is (−20.51). The , , and values in Table 3 are −15.56, −9.49, and −16.68, respectively. With these values, the above equation can be rewritten as and the predicted ratio (−0.71) for crystalline size can thus be obtained. Then, the corresponding estimated crystalline size can be derived from (5): that is, and the estimated (1.08 Ω/sq) can be obtained. Both the predicted ratio for the (37.12) and the estimated value (71.8%) can be calculated through a similar procedure with the “larger is better” analysis. Table 4 shows the comparison of the resistance and transmittance of the ZAZ stacked layer with the experimental results by using the optimal conditions.

Although the resistance of ZAZ obtained from the confirmation experiment (2.3 Ω/sq) was slightly higher than the predicted (1.08 Ω/sq), they were all roughly consistent. According to the transmittance spectra observations (see Figure 12), the actual transmittance of the ZAZ at the wavelength of 550 nm with the optimal conditions was estimated to be ~71%. As presented in Table 4, there was a good agreement between the predicted and experimental optical transmittance values at 550 nm. Consequently, it was confirmed that the and the values of the ZAZ with appropriate PDA treatment can be concurrently reduced and increased with the Taguchi method. By adopting the (2.3 Ω/sq) and transmittance (71%), the optimal FOM of the ZAZ with 1.41 × 10⁻² Ω⁻¹ can be achieved.

4. Conclusions

(1)Crystalline, structure, electrical, optical, and thermal stable properties for ZCZ and ZAZ stacked layers on glass with low resistance and high visible transmittance were studied. ZAZ sandwiched layer exhibits superior thermal stability than that of ZCZ one. The crystalline of ZnO and Ag films shows (0002) and (111) preferred orientation, respectively. The examination by HRTEM indicates that Ag was deposited with a thickness of 10 nm to form a continuous film. No interfacial reaction occurs between ZnO and Ag layers. An analysis of the O 1s peak of ZnO film revealed that they are some nonlattice O atoms in the matrix of ZnO. From the results of the chemical composition in the matrix of ZnO, the Ag profiles remain the same for the as-prepared sample or annealed sample after PDA of 400°C, 20 min. The resistance of the stacked layer decreases with the PDA temperature being higher than 300°C. The improved crystalline of ZnO and Ag layer may be responsible for this result. The inserted Ag layer can effectively reduce the resistance of ZnO layer down to 4.17 Ω/sq. The surface roughness of the coating increases with the temperature of PDA being higher than 200°C; these results indicated that the scattering photon induced by free carriers may lead to the degradation of the visible transmittance properties of the ZAZ layer. The highest FOM of ZA(10)Z is 1.15 × 10⁻² Ω⁻¹ for the ZAZ sample after PDA of 200°C for 20 min. The ZAZ multilayers after an appropriate PDA treatment show the potential for the application of the TCE with low and high optical transmittance.(2)The Taguchi method with an orthogonal array was implemented to optimize the experimental parameters for this design of multilayer. The Ag thickness had the most influence on the resistance and visible transmittance. The influence of the sputtering power, however, was insignificant compared to the other factors. Through the application of Taguchi’s method, the individual optimum processing conditions for the resistance and the value were obtained.(3)To increase the FOM, a set of alternative optimal conditions was proposed, that is, a plasma power of 300 W for the first ZnO BL, Ag thickness of 10 nm, and 400°C for 20 min of PDA. The verification experiment revealed that ZAZ with a low resistance of ~2.3 Ω/sq and a high value of 71% at 550 nm and high FOM (1.41 × 10⁻² Ω⁻¹) were prepared using the processing parameters. These results were consistent with the predicted values derived from the Taguchi method.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The financial support of the National Science Council of the Republic of China (Taiwan) under Grant no. MOST 103-2221-E-159-023 is gratefully acknowledged.

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Copyright © 2016 Pang Shiu Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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