Portland Cement Hydration Behavior at Low Temperatures: Views from Calculation and Experimental Study

<table class="table-group" id="tab1"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="19"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Oxide</td><td class="align_center">Na<sub>2</sub>O</td><td class="align_center">MgO</td><td class="align_center">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td class="align_center">SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td class="align_center">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td><td class="align_center">SO<sub>3</sub></td><td class="align_center">K<sub>2</sub>O</td><td class="align_center">CaO</td><td class="align_center">TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td class="align_center">MnO</td><td class="align_center">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td class="align_center">CuO</td><td class="align_center">ZnO</td><td class="align_center">Rb<sub>2</sub>O</td><td class="align_center">SrO</td><td class="align_center">BaO</td><td class="align_center">PbO</td><td class="align_center">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="19"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">PO42.5</td><td class="align_center">0.30</td><td class="align_center">1.30</td><td class="align_center">5.20</td><td class="align_center">18.00</td><td class="align_center">0.05</td><td class="align_center">3.00</td><td class="align_center">1.10</td><td class="align_center">65.80</td><td class="align_center">0.40</td><td class="align_center">0.07</td><td class="align_center">4.80</td><td class="align_center">0.02</td><td class="align_center">0.10</td><td class="align_center">0.00</td><td class="align_center">0.09</td><td class="align_center">0.08</td><td class="align_center">0.02</td><td class="align_center">0.00</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="19"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="table-fn"><td><svg height="13.9365pt" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-3.834pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 31.1148 13.9365" width="31.1148pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.079,0)"><path d="M43 650V622C120 616 128 612 128 526V124C128 39 120 33 34 27V0H270C392 0 492 25 567 83C643 141 690 230 690 350C690 444 655 517 605 565C543 625 450 650 323 650H43ZM213 547C213 587 217 598 226 604C236 612 262 617 304 617C371 617 429 604 474 576C554 529 592 439 592 336C592 176 505 36 319 36C246 36 213 55 213 131V547Z" id="g121-66"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.712,0)"><path d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z" id="g121-95"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.171,0)"><path d="M298 36L289 62C276 55 253 45 228 45C202 45 169 60 169 141V397H276C289 405 292 426 282 437H169V574L155 576L90 509V437H45L17 408L21 397H90V107C90 28 125 -12 188 -12C198 -12 213 -8 230 1L298 36Z" id="g121-114"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.215,0)"><path d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z" id="g121-95"></path></g></svg> collected by X-ray fluorescence (XRF).<br/></td></tr></table>

Oxide composition of Portland cement used in this <svg height="13.6886pt" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-3.3838pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -10.3048 34.7163 13.6886" width="34.7163pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z" id="g121-113"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.706,0)"><path d="M298 36L289 62C276 55 253 45 228 45C202 45 169 60 169 141V397H276C289 405 292 426 282 437H169V574L155 576L90 509V437H45L17 408L21 397H90V107C90 28 125 -12 188 -12C198 -12 213 -8 230 1L298 36Z" id="g121-114"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.54,0)"><path d="M518 50L491 51C452 54 444 60 444 110V444C429 441 405 437 377 434C348 430 314 427 287 426V403L323 397C356 392 365 386 365 333V99C331 66 293 51 257 51C212 51 169 75 169 164V299C169 366 169 413 172 444C156 441 128 437 101 433C75 430 50 427 29 426V403L57 397C82 391 90 386 90 333V137C90 29 147 -12 214 -12C241 -12 262 -4 291 13S342 48 365 65V-6L371 -12C390 -7 415 1 441 8C468 15 496 21 518 24V50Z" id="g121-115"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.443,0)"><path d="M517 51L485 54C448 58 441 63 441 115V712C404 700 337 684 285 678V653C357 648 362 645 362 580V437C339 446 309 449 295 449C159 449 38 340 38 201C38 61 143 -12 223 -12C234 -12 261 -6 301 17L362 53V-12C420 9 495 22 517 26V51ZM362 85C338 67 301 51 266 51C201 51 128 109 128 228C128 373 212 411 259 411C296 411 338 395 362 360V85Z" id="g121-98"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.216,0)"><path d="M478 437H297V411C355 404 361 392 349 355C329 292 285 174 257 106L167 356C153 394 158 404 205 411L204 437H2V411C57 404 66 391 88 336C117 265 162 144 202 30C208 13 209 0 204 -15C199 -28 191 -49 173 -84C149 -128 130 -153 98 -172C81 -184 73 -193 73 -209C73 -233 101 -257 129 -257C143 -257 156 -252 161 -232C175 -179 197 -122 264 38C333 203 364 286 390 339C417 395 425 403 478 411V437Z" id="g121-119"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,28.538,-5.944)"><path d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z" id="g50-43"></path></g></svg>.

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

tab1

Table 1

Table 1: Portland Cement Hydration Behavior at Low Temperatures: Views from Calculation and Experimental Study 