A Review of Additive Mixed-Electric Discharge Machining: Current Status and Future Perspectives for Surface Modification of Biomedical Implants

Table 3

Critical review on some premutually failed orthopedic and dental implants.

Author, year	Material (implant type)	Expected causes/effect of implant failure	Implant duration (months)
Stronach et al. [60], 2016	No evidence of material (Hip stem)	(i) Fretting corrosion; (ii) Crevice corrosion; (iii) Fatigue failure	72
Guerra-Fuentes et al. [61], 2015	316L stainless steel (Femoral bone)	(i) Bone callus formation; (ii) Fretting wear of fixation screws; (iii) Fatigue failure; (iv) Plate implant fractured	4
Hernandez-Rodriguez et al. [62], 2015	Ti-6Al-4V (dental)	(i) Bone resorption; (ii) Rough surface finish in the screw; (iii) Crack and fractured	6
Gervais et al. [63], 2016	316L stainless steel (femoral bone)	(i) High-fatigue cycles (10^6 cycles); (ii) Unexpected fall of the patient	<24
Kanchanomai et al. [64], 2008	No evidence of material (femoral bone)	(i) Fatigue crack in the compression hole; (ii) Fatigue crack in the locking hole	0.27
Amel-Farzad et al. [65], 2007	Stainless steel (femoral bone)	(i) Corrosion fatigue; (ii) Crevice corrosion pitting; (iii) Nonstandard material (Supplied in the alloy)	24
Marcomini et al. [66], 2014	Stainless steel (femoral)	(i) Poor material quality; (ii) High phosphorous content (nonstandard); (iii) Segregation at grain boundaries; (iv) Crack propagation (cyclic loading); (v) Loss of ductility due to cold work	1st failed at 4; sent back to the manufacturer, and 2nd failed at 6