Research Article
An Analysis of Societal Determinant of Anemia among Adolescent Girls in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Table 2
Descriptive and bivariate analyses to reveal the individual characteristics and their association with prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls.
| | Variable | Category | Nonanemic | Anemic | Total | Chi-square | value | Odds ratio | | number (%) | number (%) | number (%) |
| | Current age (years) | 10 to 13 | 90 (56.6) | 69 (43.4) | 159 (25.4) | 2.14 | 0.34 | Reference | | 14 to 16 | 124 (49.2) | 128 (50.8) | 252 (40.3) | 1.35 | | 17 to 19 | 112 (52.1) | 103 (47.9) | 215 (34.3) | 1.20 |
| | Educational attainment (years) | Zero | 1 (75.0) | 3 (25.0) | 4 (0.6) | 9.42 | 0.05 | 2.04 | | 1 to 5 | 26 (51.0) | 25 (49.0) | 51 (8.1) | 1.42 | | 6 to 8 | 110 (53.1) | 97 (46.9) | 207 (33.1) | 1.30 | | 9 to 10 | 83 (44.6) | 103 (54.4) | 186 (29.7) | 1.83 | | 10+ | 106 (59.6) | 72 (40.4) | 178 (28.4) | Reference |
| | BMI (kg/m2) | Underweight | 75 (53.2) | 66 (46.8) | 141 (22.5) | 1.19 | 0.76 | Reference | | Normal | 226 (51.1) | 216 (49.9) | 442 (70.6) | 1.09 | | Overweight | 19 (55.9) | 15 (44.1) | 34 (5.4) | 0.90 | | Obese | 6 (66.7) | 3 (33.3) | 9 (1.4) | 0.57 |
| | Menstrual period duration | No | 66 (64.7) | 36 (35.5) | 102 (16.3) | 20.15 | <0.0001 | Reference | | 2 to 3 days | 44 (65.7) | 23 (34.3) | 67 (10.7) | 0.96 | | 4 to 5 days | 119 (52.2) | 109 (47.8) | 228 (36.4) | 1.68 | | 5+ days | 97 (42.4) | 132 (57.6) | 229 (36.6) | 2.49 |
| | Heavy blood loss during menstruation | Yes | 56 (40.6) | 82 (59.5) | 138 (22.0) | 9.38 | 0.002 | 1.48 | | No | 270 (55.3) | 218 (44.7) | 488 (78.0) | Reference |
| | Communicable diseases | Yes | 70 (36.5) | 122 (63.5) | 192 (30.7) | 27.7 | <0.0001 | 2.51 | | No | 256 (59.0) | 178 (41.0) | 434 (69.3) | Reference |
| | Healthcare utilization | Not at all | 14 (32.6) | 29 (67.4) | 43 (6.9) | 10.79 | 0.005 | 3.35 | | Sometimes | 244 (51.6) | 229 (48.4) | 473 (75.6) | 1.52 | | Often | 68 (61.8) | 42 (38.2) | 110 (17.6) | Reference |
| | Knowledge about balanced diet | Poor | 133 (52.8) | 119 (47.2) | 252 (40.3) | 0.08 | 0.77 | 0.95 | | Good | 193 (51.6) | 181 (48.4) | 374 (49.7) | Reference |
| | Take meals regularly | Yes | 267 (55.7) | 212 (44.3) | 479 (76.5) | 10.98 | 0.001 | Reference | | No | 59 (40.1) | 88 (59.9) | 147 (23.5) | 1.88 |
| | Use of iron supplements | Yes | 20 (57.1) | 15 (42.9) | 35 (5.6) | 0.38 | 0.54 | Reference | | No | 306 (51.8) | 258 (48.2) | 591 (94.4) | 1.12 |
| | Use of food supplements | Yes | 16 (36.4) | 28 (63.6) | 44 (7.0) | 4.68 | 0.03 | Reference | | No | 310 (53.3) | 272 (46.7) | 582 (93.0) | 0.50 |
| | Knowledge about anemia | Poor | 60 (49.2) | 62 (50.8) | 122 (19.5) | 0.51 | 0.48 | 1.15 | | Good | 266 (52.8) | 238 (74.2) | 504 (80.5) | Reference |
| | Knowledge about anemia causes | Poor | 139 (54.3) | 117 (45.7) | 256 (40.6) | 0.86 | 0.36 | 0.86 | | Good | 187 (50.5) | 183 (49.5) | 370 (59.1) | Reference |
| | Knowledge about preventive measures | Poor | 93 (55.4) | 75 (44.6) | 168 (26.8) | 0.99 | 0.32 | 0.84 | | Good | 233 (50.9) | 225 (49.1) | 458 (73.2) | Reference |
| | Exercise habits | Not at all | 139 (44.8) | 171 (55.2) | 310 (49.5) | 14.55 | 0.001 | 1.15 | | Sometimes | 30 (68.2) | 14 (31.8) | 44 (7.0) | 0.64 | | Often | 157 (57.7) | 115 (42.3) | 272 (43.5) | Reference |
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