An Analysis of Societal Determinant of Anemia among Adolescent Girls in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Table 3

Descriptive and bivariate analyses to reveal the parental and societal determinants of anemia and their association with the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls.

Variables	Category	Nonanemic	Anemic	Total	Chi-square	value	OR
		Number (%)	Number (%)	Number (%)
Father’s education	Zero	38 (48.7)	40 (51.3)	78 (12.5)	15.10	0.004	Reference
	1 to 5	37 (47.4)	41 (52.6)	78 (12.5)			1.05
	6 to 8	45 (46.4)	52 (51.3)	97 (15.5)			1.10
	9 to 12	143 (50.4)	141 (49.6)	284 (45.4)			0.94
	12+	63 (70.8)	26 (29.2)	89 (14.2)			0.39
Mother’s education	Zero	89 (45.9)	105 (54.1)	194 (31.0)	13.43	0.009	Reference
	1 to 5	43 (47.3)	48 (52.7)	91 (14.5)			0.95
	6 to 8	57 (60.0)	38 (40.0)	95 (15.2)			0.57
	9 to 12	93 (51.1)	89 (48.9)	182 (29.1)			0.81
	12+	44 (68.7)	20 (31.3)	64 (10.2)			0.39
Father’s monthly income	No income	33 (43.4)	43 (56.6)	76 (12.1)	19.84	0.001	Reference
	Up to 20000	88 (44.0)	112 (56.0)	200 (31.9)			0.98
	20001 to 50000	138 (55.9)	109 (44.1)	247 (39.5)			0.61
	50001 to 100000	50 (60.2)	33 (39.8)	83 (13.3)			0.46
	100000+	17 (85.0)	3 (15.0)	20 (3.2)			0.14
Mother’s monthly income	No income	254 (50.3)	251 (49.7)	505 (80.3)	15.94	0.003	Reference
	Up to 10000	22 (46.8)	25 (53.2)	47 (7.5)			1.15
	10001 to 20000	11 (45.8)	13 (54.2)	24 (3.8)			1.20
	20001 to 50000	29 (74.4)	10 (25.6)	39 (6.2)			0.35
	50000+	10 (90.9)	1 (9.1)	11 (1.8)			0.10
Family monthly income	Up to 20000	69 (39.9)	104 (60.1)	173 (27.6)	28.27	<0.0001	Reference
	20001 to 50000	125 (49.4)	128 (50.6)	253 (40.4)			0.68
	50001 to 100000	95 (63.3)	55 (36.7)	150 (24.0)			0.38
	100000+	37 (74.0)	13 (26.0)	50 (8.0)			0.23
Father’s profession	Government service	132 (57.1)	99 (42.9)	231 (36.9)	18.52	0.001	Reference
	Private service	58 (40.6)	85 (59.4)	143 (22.8)			1.95
	Businessman	64 (57.7)	47 (4.3)	111 (17.7)			0.95
	Skilled laborer	32 (66.7)	16 (33.3)	48 (7.7)			0.47
	Others	40 (43.0)	53 (57.0)	93 (14.9)			1.77
Mother’s profession	House wife	246 (50.2)	244 (49.8)	490 (78.3)	18.45	0.001	3.19
	Government service	45 (76.3)	14 (23.7)	59 (9.4)			Reference
	Private service	8 (44.4)	10 (55.6)	18 (2.9)			4.02
	Self employed	13 (37.1)	22 (62.9)	35 (5.6)			5.44
	Others	14 (58.3)	10 (41.7)	24 (3.8)			2.33
Family size	Up to 4	22 (47.8)	24 (52.2)	46 (7.3)	4.54	0.10	Reference
	5 to 8	219 (55.3)	177 (44.7)	396 (63.3)			0.74
	8+	85 (46.2)	99 (53.8)	374 (29.4)			1.07
Preferred baby gender of parents	Son	64 (47.4)	71 (52.6)	135 (21.6)	2.14	0.34	Reference
	Daughter	70 (56.5)	54 (43.5)	124 (19.8)			0.70
	Does not matter	192 (52.3)	175 (47.7)	367 (58.6)			0.82
Preference in food intake	Male	26 (43.3)	34 (56.7)	60 (9.6)	2.03	0.36	Reference
	Female	96 (53.0)	85 (47.0)	181 (28.9)			0.68
	Both	204 (53.0)	181 (47.0)	385 (61.5)			0.68
Household structure	RCC	198 (52.9)	176 (47.1)	374 (59.7)	7.51	0.06	Reference
	Mud	5 (26.3)	14 (73.7)	19 (3.0)			3.15
	Wooden	5 (83.3)	1 (16.7)	6 (1.0)			0.23
	Shelter	118 (52.0)	109 (48.0)	227 (36.3)			1.04
Latrine facility	Yes	304 (52.3)	277 (47.7)	581 (92.8)	0.20	0.66	Reference
	No	22 (48.9)	23 (51.1)	45 (7.2)			1.15
Sewerage system	Open	38 (39.6)	58 (60.4)	96 (15.3)	7.09	0.008	Reference
	Underground	288 (54.3)	242 (45.7)	530 (84.7)			0.84