Research Article
Anemia and Its Determinants among Male and Female Adolescents in Southern Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
Table 5
Associated factors of anemia among male and female adolescent students in Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia, May 2018.
| | Variables | Male | Female | | Anemic | Nonanemic | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | Anemic | Nonanemic | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
| | Age | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 293 | | | | 10–13 | 25 (41.0) | 36 (59.0) | 0.29 (0.15–0.55) | 0.24 (0.07–0.77) | 29 (39.2) | 45 (61.8) | 0.27 (0.14–0.52) | 0.27 (0.05–1.38) | | 13–16 | 29 (22.3) | 101 (77.7) | 0.69 (0.39–1.23) | 0.44 (0.17–1.11) | 22 (14.7) | 128 (85.3) | 1.02 (0.53–1.95) | 0.90 (0.30–2.66) | | 17–19 | 31 (16.7) | 155 (83.3) | 1 | 1 | 21 (14.9) | 120 (85.1) | 1 | 1 |
| | Grade | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 293 | | | | 5–8 | 51 (28.5) | 128 (71.5) | 1 | 1 | 46 (24.2) | 144 (75.8) | 1 | 1 | | 9-10 | 24 (17.1) | 116 (82.9) | 1.93 (1.12–3.33) | 0.62 (0.24–1.58) | 21 (14.8) | 121 (85.2) | 1.84 (1.04–3.25) | 1.63 (0.57–4.63) | | 11-12 | 10 (17.2) | 48 (82.8) | 1.91 (0.89–4.07) | 0.56 (0.14–2.10) | 5 (15.2) | 28 (84.8) | 1.79 (0.65–4.90) | 0.84 (0.14–4.79) |
| | Father’s education | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 293 | | | | No formal education | 8 (30.8) | 18 (69.2) | 0.73 (0.30–1.79) | | 3 (23.1) | 10 (76.9) | 0.64 (0.17–2.46) | 0.39 (0.06–2.47) | | Read and write | 14 (15.4) | 77 (84.6) | 1.79 (0.93–3.47) | | 22 (26.8) | 60 (73.2) | 0.53 (0.28–0.97) | 0.57 (0.18–1.73) | | Primary school | 16 (23.2) | 53 (76.8) | 1.08 (0.56–2.07) | | 15 (20.8) | 57 (79.2) | 0.73 (0.37–1.45) | 0.89 (0.27–2.91) | | Secondary and above | 47 (24.6) | 144 (75.4) | 1 | | 32 (16.2) | 166 (83.8) | 1 | 1 |
| | Father’s occupation | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 293 | | | | Farmer | 13 (17.8) | 60 (82.2) | 1 | | 7 (13.0) | 47 (87.0) | 1 | 1 | | Government employee | 35 (22.6) | 120 (76.4) | 0.74 (0.36–1.50) | | 21 (14.3) | 126 (85.7) | 0.89 (0.35–2.23) | 2.00 (0.42–9.53) | | Merchant | 36 (25.7) | 104 (74.3) | 0.63 (0.31–1.27) | | 43 (28.5) | 108 (71.5) | 0.37 (0.15–0.89) | 1.38 (0.36–5.20) | | Others | 1 (11.1) | 8 (88.9) | 0.80 (0.57–1.12) | | 1 (7.7) | 12 (92.3) | 0.53 (0.35–0.80) | 0.26 (0.01–4.16) |
| | Mother’s occupation | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 292 | | | | Housewife | 37 (24.3) | 115 (75.7) | 1 | | 26(16.7) | 130 (83.3) | 1 | 1 | | Farmer | 4 (19.1) | 17 (80.9) | 1.37 (0.43–4.32) | | 1 (7.1) | 13 (92.9) | 2.60(0.32–20.75) | 1.31 (0.11–15.72) | | Government employee | 17 (21.3) | 63 (78.7) | 1.19 (0.62–2.29) | | 11 (15.5) | 60 (84.5) | 1.09 (0.51–2.35) | 0.79 (0.25–2.47) | | Merchant | 24 (20.5) | 93 (79.5) | 1.25 (0.69–2.23) | | 33 (29.8) | 80 (70.2) | 0.47 (0.26–0.84) | 0.68 (0.27–1.69) | | Others | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 1.08 (0.89–1.29) | | 1 (10.0) | 9 (90.0) | 0.73 (0.59–0.87) | 1.29 (0.14–11.19) |
| | Shoe wearing | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 293 | | | | Some of the time | 17 (18.9) | 73 (81.1) | 1.47 (0.79–2.72) | | 6 (17.1) | 29 (82.9) | 0.95 (0.37–2.42) | 1.19 (0.30–4.79) | | Most of the time | 17 (19.5) | 70 (80.5) | 1.41 (0.76–2.61) | | 19 (43.2) | 25 (56.8) | 0.26 (0.13–0.50) | 0.39 (0.12–1.27) | | Always | 51 (25.5) | 149 (84.5) | 1 | | 47 (16.4) | 239 (83.6) | 1 | 1 |
| | Sources of family food | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 293 | | | | Grow their own | 18 (18.2) | 81 (81.8) | 1 | | 8 (10.8) | 66 (89.2) | 1 | 1 | | Buy/purchase | 65 (24.3) | 202 (75.7) | 0.69 (0.38–1.23) | | 62 (22.2) | 217 (77.8) | 0.42 (0.19–0.93) | 0.55 (0.17–1.67) | | Subsidies/food aid | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | 1.00 (0.19–5.02) | | 2 (16.7) | 10 (83.3) | 0.61 (0.11–3.27) | 5.85 (0.33–101.37) | | Fibre foods per week | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 293 | | | | None | 4 (16.7) | 20 (83.3) | 1 | 1 | 4 (13.8) | 25 (86.2) | 1 | 1 | | Once a week | 11 (13.3) | 72 (86.7) | 1.31 (0.37–4.55) | 0.68 (0.12–3.67) | 11 (18.0) | 50 (82.0) | 0.73 (0.21–2.52) | 0.53 (0.09–2.94) | | Twice in a week | 18 (25.4) | 53 (74.6) | 0.59 (0.17–1.95) | 0.24(0.04–1.27) | 8 (9.9) | 73 (90.1) | 1.460 (0.40–5.26) | 3.36 (0.50–22.24) | | Every other day | 11 (18.0) | 50 (82.0) | 0.91 (0.26–3.19) | 0.61(0.11–3.36) | 12 (25.5) | 35 (74.5) | 0.47 (0.13–1.61) | 0.73 (0.13–4.12) | | Every day | 27 (40.3) | 40 (59.7) | 0.29 (0.09–0.96) | 0.12 (0.02–0.64) | 28 (34.6) | 53 (65.4) | 0.30 (0.09–0.95) | 0.63 (0.12–3.11) | | Do not remember | 14 (19.7) | 57 (80.3) | 0.81 (0.24–2.76) | 0.55 (0.10–2.95) | 9 (13.6) | 57 (86.4) | 1.01 (0.28–3.60) | 1.55 (0.26–9.06) |
| | Animal food per week | 85 | 292 | | | 72 | 293 | | | | None | 3 (9.1) | 31 (90.9) | 1 | 1 | 6 (28.6) | 15 (71.4) | 1 | | | Once a week | 38 (25.9) | 109 (84.1) | 0.28 (0.08–0.96) | 0.36 (0.08–1.58) | 20 (16.9) | 98 (73.1) | 1.96 (0.67–5.66) | | | Twice in a week | 16 (21.3) | 59 (78.7) | 0.36 (0.09–1.32) | 0.43 (0.09–2.09) | 20 (19.0) | 85 (81.0) | 1.70 (0.58–4.93) | | | Every other day | 8 (21.1) | 30 (78.9) | 0.36 (0.08–1.49) | 0.64 (0.11–3.61) | 9 (18.8) | 39 (81.2) | 1.73 (0.52–5.71) | | | Every day | 11 (26.2) | 31 (73.8) | 0.27 (0.06–1.07) | 0.74 (0.13–4.01) | 11 (26.8) | 30 (73.2) | 1.09 (0.33–3.52) | | | Do not remember | 9 (22.0) | 32 (78.0) | 0.34 (0.08–1.39) | 0.40 (0.07–2.23) | 6 (18.8) | 26 (81.2) | 1.73 (0.47–6.34) | |
| | Stool parasite | 82 | 272 | | | 63 | 267 | | | | No | 30 (10.9) | 246 (89.1) | 0.06 (0.03–0.11) | 0.05 (0.02–0.09) | 13 (5.8) | 213 (94.2) | 0.07 (0.03–0.13) | 0.05 (0.01–0.11) | | Yes | 52 (66.7) | 26 (33.3) | 1 | 1 | 50 (48.1) | 54 (51.9) | 1 | 1 |
| | Malaria endemicity | 85 | 292 | | | 67 | 293 | | | | Yes | 37 (20.1) | 147 (79.9) | 1.31 (0.80–2.13) | | 27 (15.2) | 151 (84.8) | 1.77 (1.04–3.00) | 2.52 (1.12–5.62) | | No | 48 (24.9) | 145 (75.1) | 1 | | 45 (24.1) | 142 (75.9) | 1 | 1 |
| | Start menstruating | | | | | 72 | 293 | | | | Yes | | | | | 57 (17.3) | 272 (82.7) | 1 | 1 | | No | | | | | 15 (41.7) | 21 (58.3) | 0.29 (0.14–0.60) | 2.56 (0.53–12.28) |
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Statistically significant at ; COR = crudes odds ratio; AOR = adjusted odds ratio. |
