Elucidating the Correlation of D-Dimer Levels with COVID-19 Severity: A Scoping Review
Table 1
A list of some retrospective studies showing the significance of the association of D-dimer levels with disease severity among the COVID-19 patients [13, 27, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43].
Study population
Observations
Han et al. 2020
Control vs. COVID-19 patients
COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly higher levels of both D-dimer and fibrinogen
Zhou et al. 2020
COVID-19 survivors vs. nonsurvivors
Patients with D-dimer level >1 μg/mL exhibited significantly (18 times) higher mortality than those with D-dimer level <1 μg/mL ()
Cui et al. 2020
COVID-19 patients with VTE vs. those without VTE
A D-dimer level cut-off value of 1.5 μg/mL could be used to predict VTE
Tang et al. 2020
COVID-19 survivors vs. nonsurvivors
About 28.36% and 85.7% of the COVID-19 patients with DIC exhibited fibrinogen level <1 g/L and D-dimer level >3 mg/dL, respectively
Qui et al. 2020
Mild COVID-19 vs. moderate COVID-19; all pediatric patients
Mild COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly lower levels of D-dimer compared to moderate COVID-19 patients
Liu et al. 2020
Mild COVID-19 vs. severe COVID-19
Mild COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly lower levels of D-dimer compared to severe COVID-19 patients
Zhang et al. 2020
Mild or moderate COVID-19 vs. severe COVID-19
Mild/moderate COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly lower levels of D-dimer compared to severe COVID-19 patients
Chen et al. 2020
Moderate COVID-19 vs. severe COVID-19
Moderate COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly lower levels of D-dimer compared to severe COVID-19 patients
Wu et al. 2020
COVID-19 patients with ARDS vs. those without ARDS
Risk of ARDS in COVID-19 patients directly correlated with the levels of D-dimer ()
Zhou et al. 2020
Patients with no aggravated COVID-19 vs. Patients with aggravated COVID-19
The pathological progression of COVID-19 was not impacted by the levels of D-dimer
Wu et al. 2020
COVID-19 survivors vs. nonsurvivors
Higher levels of D-dimer significantly correlated with higher mortality risk among COVID-19 patients who presented with ARDS ()
Tang et al. 2020
COVID-19 survivors vs. nonsurvivors
(i) Multivariate analysis revealed the level of D-dimer to be independently associated with 28-day mortality
(ii) Among the COVID-19 patients with levels of D-dimer >3.0 μg/mL, those who did not receive heparin exhibited a significantly higher 28-day mortality rate compared to those who received heparin ()
Yin et al. 2020
Individuals suffering from both severe pneumonia and COVID-19 vs. individuals suffering from severe pneumonia but not COVID-19
Among the COVID-19 patients with levels of D-dimer > 3.0 μg/mL, those who did not receive heparin exhibited a significantly higher mortality rate compared to those who received heparin ()
Zhang et al. 2020
COVID-19 survivors vs. nonsurvivors
(i) Among the patients with levels of D-dimer of more than 1 mg/L, about 81% of patients exhibited severe illness, and around 72% of patients reached the composite endpoints, that is, admission to ICU or death
(ii) Higher levels of D-dimer correlated significantly with the severity of pneumonia among the COVID-19 patients and the risk of the patient reaching the composite endpoints, that is, admission to ICU or death ()
