Research Article
A Case-Control Study of the Factors Associated with Anemia in Chinese Children Aged 3–7 years Old
Table 2
Univariable analysis of determinants of anemia in children.
| | | Cases (n, %) | Control (n, %) | P | OR (95% CI) |
| | Children’s region | | Western region | 46 (8.33) | 63 (11.41) | | 1 | | Central region | 134 (24.28) | 195 (35.33) | 0.982 | 1.00 (0.65∼1.55) | | Eastern region | 372 (67.39) | 294 (53.26) | 0.004 | 1.86 (1.22∼2.86) |
| | Ethnicity of children | | Han | 513 (92.93) | 529 (95.83) | | 1 | | Minorities | 39 (7.07) | 23 (4.17) | 0.041 | 1.73 (1.02∼2.92) |
| | Ethnicity of mothers | | Han | 508 (92.03) | 527 (95.47) | | 1 | | Minorities | 44 (7.97) | 25 (4.53) | 0.024 | 1.76 (1.08∼2.88) | | Age of mothers (years) | 32.77 ± 4.26 | 32.42 ± 4.73 | 0.192 | 0.98 (0.96∼1.01) | | Mothers’ education | | | 0.015 | 0.84 (0.73∼0.97) | | Junior high school and below | 196 (35.61) | 164 (29.71) | | | | High school and secondary specialized school | 157 (28.44) | 175 (31.70) | | | | Junior college | 136 (24.64) | 126 (22.83) | | | | Bachelor degree and above | 63 (11.41) | 87 (15.76) | | |
| | Ethnicity of fathers | | Han | 505 (91.49) | 527 (95.47) | | 1 | | Minorities | 47 (8.51) | 25 (4.53) | 0.010 | 1.92 (1.17∼3.14) | | Fathers’ education | | | 0.001 | 0.79 (0.69∼0.91) | | Junior high school and below | 168 (30.43) | 128 (23.19) | | | | High school and secondary specialized school | 168 (30.43) | 180 (32.61) | | | | Junior college | 117 (21.20) | 110 (19.93) | | | | Bachelor degree and above | 99 (17.93) | 134 (24.82) | | |
| | Times of pregnancy | | <3 | 401 (72.64) | 426 (77.17) | | 1 | | ≥3 | 151 (27.36) | 126 (22.83) | 0.076 | 1.30 (0.97∼1.71) |
| | Times of birth | | 1 | 183 (33.15) | 200 (36.23) | | 1 | | 2 | 310 (56.16) | 301 (54.53) | 0.322 | 1.14 (0.88∼1.48) | | ≥3 | 59 (10.69) | 51 (9.24) | 0.245 | 1.30 (0.83∼2.03) |
| | Maternal anemia before pregnancy | | Yes | 221 (40.04) | 47 (8.51) | <0.001 | 8.57 (5.56∼13.19) | | No | 331 (59.96) | 505 (91.49) | | 1 |
| | Maternal anemia during pregnancy | | Yes | 290 (52.06) | 87 (15.62) | <0.001 | 6.04 (4.32∼8.45) | | No | 267 (47.94) | 470 (84.38) | | 1 |
| | Maternal anemia during nursing period | | Yes | 290 (52.54) | 85 (15.40) | <0.001 | 6.39 (4.54∼9.00) | | No | 262 (47.46) | 467 (84.60) | | 1 |
| | Mothers smoked actively or passively during pregnancy | | Yes | 32 (5.80) | 14 (2.54) | 0.006 | 2.64 (1.32∼5.28) | | No | 520 (94.20) | 538 (97.46) | | |
| | Mothers drank tea during pregnancy | | Yes | 44 (7.97) | 32 (5.80) | 0.154 | 1.41 (0.88∼2.27) | | No | 508 (92.03) | 520 (94.20) | | | | Birth weight (g) | | | 0.023 | 0.53 (0.31∼0.92) | | <2500 | 14 (2.54) | 11 (1.99) | | | | 2500∼4000 | 528 (95.65) | 516 (93.48) | | | | >4000 | 10 (1.81) | 25 (4.53) | | | | Birth height (cm) | 50.07 ± 2.02 | 50.32 ± 1.84 | 0.017 | 0.92 (0.86∼0.98) | | Gestational weeks | | | 0.002 | 0.75 (0.63∼0.90) | | <37 | 31 (5.62) | 21 (3.80) | | | | 37∼38 | 149 (26.99) | 117 (21.20) | | | | 39∼40 | 320 (57.97) | 342 (61.96) | | | | >40 | 52 (9.42) | 72 (13.04) | | |
| | History of spontaneous abortion of mother | | Yes | 69 (12.50) | 39 (7.07) | 0.002 | 1.96 (1.28∼3.03) | | No | 483 (87.50) | 513 (92.93) | | |
| | Mode of delivery | | Spontaneous labor | 379 (68.66) | 355 (64.31) | | 1 | | Cesarean section | 173 (31.34) | 197 (35.69) | 0.116 | 0.81 (0.63∼1.05) |
| | G6PD deficiency of children | | Yes | 38 (6.88) | 8 (1.45) | <0.001 | 6.00 (2.53∼14.24) | | No | 514 (93.12) | 544 (98.55) | | 1 |
| | Thalassemia of children | | Yes | 146 (26.45) | 5 (0.91) | <0.001 | 48.00 (15.30∼151.58) | | No | 406 (73.55) | 547 (99.09) | | 1 |
| | Diarrhea in recent weeks | | Yes | 6 (1.09) | 4 (0.72) | 0.530 | 1.50 (0.42∼5.32) | | No | 546 (98.91) | 548 (99.28) | | 1 |
| | Cold and cough in previous two weeks | | Yes | 244 (44.20) | 201 (36.41) | 0.006 | 1.42 (1.10∼1.83) | | No | 308 (55.80) | 351 (63.59) | | 1 |
| | Trauma in previous two weeks | | Yes | 4 (0.72) | 1 (0.18) | 0.215 | 4.00 (0.45∼35.79) | | No | 548 (99.28) | 551 (99.82) | | 1 |
| | Permanent household population | | ≤4 | 264 (47.83) | 243 (44.02) | | | | >4 | 288 (52.17) | 309 (55.98) | 0.209 | 0.86 (0.68∼1.09) |
| | Family income (RMB/moth) | | | 0.001 | 0.80 (0.70∼0.91) | | <3000 | 50 (9.06) | 32 (5.80) | | | | 3000∼5999 | 220 (39.86) | 191 (34.60) | | | | 6000∼8999 | 105 (19.02) | 115 (20.83) | | | | ≥9000 | 177 (32.07) | 214 (38.77) | | |
| | Consumption of iron supplements | | Yes | 272 (49.28) | 288 (52.17) | | 1 | | No | 280 (50.72) | 264 (47.83) | 0.316 | 1.13 (0.89∼1.45) |
| | Giving tea to the children | | Yes | 41 (7.43) | 37 (6.70) | 0.642 | 1.11 (0.71∼1.76) | | No | 511 (92.57) | 515 (93.30) | | 1 |
| | Giving milk to the children | | Yes | 499 (90.40) | 506 (91.67) | 0.448 | 0.85 (0.55∼1.30) | | No | 53 (9.60) | 46 (8.33) | | 1 |
| | Cooking alone for the children | | Yes | 386 (69.93) | 395 (71.56) | | 1 | | No | 166 (30.07) | 157 (28.44) | 0.539 | 1.09 (0.83∼1.42) |
| | Children eating for more than 30 min | | Yes | 325 (58.88) | 259 (46.92) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.28∼2.09) | | No | 227 (41.12) | 293 (53.08) | | 1 |
| | Picky eater | | Yes | 385 (69.75) | 289 (52.63) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.69∼2.87) | | No | 167 (30.25) | 263 (47.64) | | 1 |
| | Like eating snacks | | Yes | 418 (75.72) | 386 (69.93) | 0.026 | 1.37 (1.03∼1.80) | | No | 134 (24.28) | 166 (30.07) | | |
| | Eating with no attention | | Yes | 408 (73.91) | 344 (62.32) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.33∼2.26) | | No | 144 (26.09) | 208 (37.68) | | |
| | Receiving childcare guidance | | Yes | 223 (40.40) | 249 (45.11) | | 1 | | No | 329 (59.60) | 303 (54.89) | 0.105 | 1.23 (0.96∼1.57) | | Stunting | | | 0.060 | 1.7 (0.98∼2.95) | | Yes | 39 (7.07) | 25 (4.53) | | | | No | 513 (92.93) | 527 (95.47) | | | | Underweight | | | 0.213 | 0.63 (0.31∼1.30) | | Yes | 12 (2.17) | 19 (3.44) | | | | No | 540 (97.83) | 533 (96.56) | | | | Wasting | | | 0.198 | 1.64 (0.77∼3.46) | | Yes | 19 (3.44) | 12 (2.17) | | | | No | 533 (96.56) | 540 (97.83) | | |
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