Recent Advances in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Lenzmann, F. O.; Kroon, J. M.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/65073

Advances in OptoElectronics

On this page

Abstract References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Recent Advances in Solar Cells

View this Special Issue

Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2007 | Article ID 065073 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/65073

Recent Advances in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

F. O. Lenzmann¹and J. M. Kroon¹

Academic Editor: A. G. Aberle

Received23 May 2007

Accepted13 Sept 2007

Published04 Dec 2007

Abstract

This review describes recent advances in the research on dye-sensitized solar cells. After a brief discussion of the general operation principles and a presentation of record efficiencies, stability data and key technology drivers, current trends will be reviewed. The focus of this review is on materials development (sensitizers, nanostructured oxide films, and electrolyte), but commercialization aspects will also be briefly addressed. The review describes the most relevant characteristics and major trends in a compact way.

References

B. C. O'Regan and M. Grätzel, “A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal ${TiO}_{2}$ films,” Nature, vol. 353, no. 6346, pp. 737–740, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. A. Haque, E. Palomares, B. M. Cho et al., “Charge separation versus recombination in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells: the minimization of kinetic redundancy,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, no. 10, pp. 3456–3462, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Kroon, B. C. O'Regan, J. A. M. van Roosmalen, and W. C. Sinke, “Dye-sensitized solar cells. Inorganic photochemistry,” in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, pp. 1–47, American Scientific, Stevenson Ranch, Calif, USA, 2003, chapter 1.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Hagfeldt and M. Grätzel, “Molecular photovoltaics,” Accounts of Chemical Research, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 269–277, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Grätzel, “The advent of mesoscopic injection solar cells,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 429–442, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Grätzel, “Perspectives for dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 171–185, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
M. A. Green, K. Emery, D. L. King, Y. Hishikawa, and W. Warta, “Solar cell efficiency tables (version 28),” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 455–461, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Grätzel, “Mesoscopic solar cells for electricity and hydrogen production from sunlight,” Chemistry Letters, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 8–13, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Chiba, A. Islam, Y. Watanabe, R. Komiya, N. Koide, and L. Han, “Dye-sensitized solar cells with conversion efficiency of 11.1%,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 2, vol. 45, no. 25, pp. L638–L640, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Chiba, A. Islam, K. Kakutani, R. Komiya, N. Koide, and L. Han, “High efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells,” in Technical Digest of the 15th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, pp. 665–666, Shanghai, China, October 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Kroon, N. J. Bakker, H. J. P. Smit et al., “Nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells having maximum performance,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Hinsch, J. M. Kroon, R. Kern, I. Uhlendorf, R. Sastrawan, and A. Meyer, “Long-term stability and efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells,” in Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, pp. 51–54, Munich, Germany, October 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Han, A. Fukui, N. Fuke, N. Koide, and R. Yamanaka, “High efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell and module,” in Proceedings of the 4th IEEE World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC '06), pp. 178–182, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, May 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. M. Sommeling, M. Späth, H. J. P. Smit, N. J. Bakker, and J. M. Kroon, “Long-term stability testing of dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 164, no. 1–3, pp. 137–144, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Späth, P. M. Sommeling, J. A. M. van Roosmalen et al., “Reproducible manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells on a semi-automated baseline,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 207–220, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Sastrawan, J. Beier, U. Belledin et al., “A glass frit-sealed dye solar cell module with integrated series connections,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 90, no. 11, pp. 1680–1691, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Sastrawan, J. Beier, U. Belledin et al., “New interdigital design for large area dye solar modules using a lead-free glass frit sealing,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 697–709, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Hinsch, J. M. Kroon, R. Kern et al., “Long-term stability of dye-sensitised solar cells,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 425–438, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wang, C. Klein, R. Humphry-Baker, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “Stable $\geq$ 8% efficient nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell based on an electrolyte of low volatility,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 86, no. 12, Article ID 123508, p. 3 pages, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Kuang, C. Klein, S. Ito et al., “High-efficiency and stable mesoscopic dye-sensitized solar cells based on a high molar extinction coefficient ruthenium sensitizer and nonvolatile electrolyte,” Advanced Materials, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1133–1137, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Kuang, C. Klein, S. Ito et al., “High molar extinction coefficient ion-coordinating ruthenium sensitizer for efficient and stable mesoscopic dye-sensitized solar cells,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 154–160, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Kato, K. Higuchi, Y. Takeda et al., “Long-term stability of DSC module under outdoor working condition,” in Proceedings of Renewable Energy, Makuhari Messe, Chiba, Japan, October 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Toyoda, T. Sano, J. Nakajima et al., “Outdoor performance of large scale DSC modules,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 164, no. 1–3, pp. 203–207, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Veltkamp, J. M. Kroon, P. Sommeling, and M. Wild-Scholten, “Dye sensitised solar cells for large-scale photovoltaics: determination of durability and environmental profile,” in Proceedings of Renewable Energy, Makuhari Messe, Chiba, Japan, October 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Klein, M. K. Nazeeruddin, P. Liska et al., “Engineering of a novel ruthenium sensitizer and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells for conversion of sunlight into electricity,” Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 178–180, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wang, C. Klein, R. Humphry-Baker, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “A high molar extinction coefficient sensitizer for stable dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 808–809, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Kuang, S. Ito, and B. Wenger, “High molar extinction coefficient heteroleptic ruthenium complexes for thin film dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 12, pp. 4146–4154, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Kuang, C. Klein, H. J. Snaith et al., “Ion coordinating sensitizer for high efficiency mesoscopic dye-sensitized solar cells: influence of lithium ions on the photovoltaic performance of liquid and solid-state cells,” Nano Letters, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 769–773, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, J. E. Moser, M. K. Nazeeruddin, T. Sekiguchi, and M. Grätzel, “A stable quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with an amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer and polymer gel electrolyte,” Nature Materials, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 402–407, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Pechy, F. P. Rotzinger, M. K. Nazeeruddin et al., “Preparation of phosphonated polypyridyl ligands to anchor transition-metal complexes on oxide surfaces: application for the conversion of light to electricity with nanocrystalline ${TiO}_{2}$ film,” Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 1, pp. 65–66, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wang, C. Klein, J.-E. Moser et al., “Amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer with $4, 4^{'}$ -diphosphonic acid- $2, 2^{'}$ -bipyridine as anchoring ligand for nanocrystalline dye sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 45, pp. 17553–17559, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. K. Nazeeruddin, P. Péchy, and M. Grätzel, “Efficient panchromatic sensitization of nanocrystalline ${TiO}_{2}$ films by a black dye based on a trithiocyanato-ruthenium complex,” Chemical Communications, no. 18, pp. 1705–1706, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Burke, L. Schmidt-Mende, S. Ito, and M. Grätzel, “A novel blue dye for near-IR ‘dye-sensitised’ solar cell applications,” Chemical Communications, no. 3, pp. 234–236, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Fang, L. Su, J. Wu, Y. Shu, and Z. Lu, “The photoresponse properties of nanocrystalline ${TiO}_{2}$ particulate films co-modified with dyes,” New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 21, pp. 839–840, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Liska, K. R. Thampi, M. Grätzel et al., “Nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell/copper indium gallium selenide thin-film tandem showing greater than 15% conversion efficiency,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88, no. 20, Article ID 203103, p. 3 pages, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Dürr, A. Bamedi, A. Yasuda, and G. Nelles, “Tandem dye-sensitized solar cell for improved power conversion efficiencies,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 84, no. 17, pp. 3397–3399, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Kubo, A. Sakamoto, T. Kitamura, Y. Wada, and S. Yanagida, “Dye-sensitized solar cells: improvement of spectral response by tandem structure,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 164, no. 1–3, pp. 33–39, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Kitamura, M. Ikeda, K. Shigaki et al., “Phenyl-conjugated oligoene sensitizers for ${TiO}_{2}$ solar cells,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1806–1812, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Hara, Z.-S. Wang, T. Sato et al., “Oligothiophene-containing coumarin dyes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 32, pp. 15476–15482, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Hara, M. Kurashige, S. Ito et al., “Novel polyene dyes for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells,” Chemical communications, no. 2, pp. 252–253, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Horiuchi, H. Miura, K. Sumioka, and S. Uchida, “High efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on metal-free indoline dyes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 39, pp. 12218–12219, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ito, S. M. Zakeeruddin, R. Humphry-Baker et al., “High-efficiency organic-dye-sensitized solar cells controlled by nanocrystalline- ${TiO}_{2}$ electrode thickness,” Advanced Materials, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1202–1205, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Grätzel, “Electricity and hydrogen generation from sunlight by mesoscopic solar cells,” in Proveedings of the 16th International Conference on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy (IPS-16 '06), Uppsala, Sweden, July 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Plass, S. Pelet, J. Krueger, M. Grätzel, and U. Bach, “Quantum dot sensitization of organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 106, no. 31, pp. 7578–7580, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. D. Schaller and V. I. Klimov, “High efficiency carrier multiplication in PbSe nanocrystals: implications for solar energy conversion,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 92, no. 18, Article ID 186601, p. 4 pages, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nanu, J. Schoonman, and A. Goossens, “Inorganic nanocomposites of n-and p-type semiconductors: a new type of three-dimensional solar cell,” Advanced Materials, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 453–456, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nanu, J. Schoonman, and A. Goossens, “Nanocomposite three-dimensional solar cells obtained by chemical spray deposition,” Nano Letters, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1716–1719, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. J. Barbé, F. Arendse, P. Comte et al., “Nanocrystalline titanium oxide electrodes for photovoltaic applications,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 3157–3171, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
P. M. Sommeling, B. C. O'Regan, R. R. Haswell et al., “Influence of a ${TiCl}_{4}$ post-treatment on nanocrystalline ${TiO}_{2}$ films in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 39, pp. 19191–19197, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Hore, E. Palomares, H. Smit et al., “Acid versus base peptization of mesoporous nanocrystalline ${TiO}_{2}$ films: functional studies in dye sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 412–418, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Keis, E. Magnusson, H. Lindström, S.-E. Lindquist, and A. Hagfeldt, “A 5% efficient photoelectrochemical solar cell based on nanostructured ZnO electrodes,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 51–58, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Sayama, H. Sugihara, and H. Arakawa, “Photoelectrochemical properties of a porous ${Nb}_{2} O_{5}$ electrode sensitized by a ruthenium dye,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 3825–3832, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Burnside, J.-E. Moser, K. Brooks, M. Grätzel, and D. Cahen, “Nanocrystalline mesoporous strontium titanate as photoelectrode material for photosensitized solar devices: increasing photovoltage through flatband potential engineering,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 103, no. 43, pp. 9328–9332, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Tennakone, P. K. M. Bandaranayake, P. V. V. Jayaweera, A. Konno, and G. R. R. A. Kumara, “Dye-sensitized composite semiconductor nanostructures,” Physica E, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 190–196, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Palomares, J. N. Clifford, S. A. Haque, T. Lutz, and J. R. Durrant, “Slow charge recombination in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC) using ${Al}_{2} O_{3}$ coated nanoporous ${TiO}_{2}$ films,” Chemical Communications, no. 14, pp. 1464–1465, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Kay and M. Grätzel, “Dye-sensitized core-shell nanocrystals: improved efficiency of mesoporous tin oxide electrodes coated with a thin layer of an insulating oxide,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 2930–2935, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Tennakone, J. Bandara, P. K. M. Bandaranayake, G. R. A. Kumara, and A. Konno, “Enhanced efficiency of a dye-sensitized solar cell made from MgO-coated nanocrystalline ${SnO}_{2}$ ,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 2, vol. 40, no. 7 B, pp. L732–L734, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. C. O'Regan, S. Scully, A. C. Mayer, E. Palomares, and J. Durrant, “The effect of ${Al}_{2} O_{3}$ barrier layers in ${TiO}_{2}$ /Dye/CuSCN photovoltage cells explored by recombination and DOS characterization using transient photovoltage measurements,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 10, pp. 4616–4623, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. K. Mor, K. Shankar, M. Paulose, O. K. Varghese, and C. A. Grimes, “Use of highly-ordered ${TiO}_{2}$ nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Nano Letters, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 215–218, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Zukalovà, A. Zukal, L. Kavan, M. K. Nazeeruddin, P. Liska, and M. Grätzel, “Organized mesoporous ${TiO}_{2}$ films exhibiting greatly enhanced performance in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Nano Letters, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1789–1792, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Zhu, N. R. Neale, A. Miedaner, and A. J. Frank, “Enhanced charge-collection efficiencies and light scattering in dye-sensitized solar cells using oriented ${TiO}_{2}$ nanotubes arrays,” Nano Letters, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 69–74, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Shankar, G. K. Mor, H. E. Prakasam et al., “Highly-ordered ${TiO}_{2}$ nanotube arrays up to 220 $μ$ m in length: use in water photoelectrolysis and dye-sensitized solar cells,” Nanotechnology, vol. 18, no. 6, Article ID 065707, p. 11 pages, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Lindström, A. Holmberg, E. Magnusson, L. Malmqvist, and A. Hagfeldt, “A new method to make dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells at room temperature,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 145, no. 1-2, pp. 107–112, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Miyasaka and Y. Kijitori, “Low-temperature fabrication of dye-sensitized plastic electrodes by electrophoretic preparation of mesoporous ${TiO}_{2}$ layers,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 151, no. 11, pp. A1767–A1773, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Gaudiana, “Dye sensitized titania photovoltaic cells on flexible substrates-concept to commercialization,” Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A, vol. 39 A, no. 10, pp. 1259–1264, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Zhang, T. Yoshida, and H. Minoura, “Low-temperature fabrication of efficient porous titania photoelectrodes by hydrothermal crystallization at the solid/gas interface,” Advanced Materials, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 814–817, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Loewenstein, K. Nonomura, T. Yoshida et al., “Efficient sensitization of mesoporous electrodeposited zinc oxide by cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis( $2, 2^{'}$ -bipyridyl- $4, 4^{'}$ -dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II),” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. A699–A704, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ito, N.-L. C. Ha, G. Rothenberger et al., “High-efficiency (7.2%) flexible dye-sensitized solar cells with Ti-metal substrate for nanocrystalline- ${TiO}_{2}$ photoanode,” Chemical Communications, no. 38, pp. 4004–4006, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Cazzanti, S. Caramori, R. Argazzi, C. M. Elliott, and C. A. Bignozzi, “Efficient non-corrosive electron-transfer mediator mixtures for dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 31, pp. 9996–9997, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Nusbaumer, S. M. Zakeeruddin, J.-E. Moser, and M. Grätzel, “An alternative efficient redox couple for the dye-sensitized solar cell system,” Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 3756–3763, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, J.-E. Moser, R. Humphry-Baker, and M. Grätzel, “A solvent-free, ${SeCN}^{−}$ / ${(SeCN)}_{3}^{-}$ based ionic liquid electrolyte for high-efficiency dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 23, pp. 7164–7165, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Kubo, T. Kitamura, K. Hanabusa, Y. Wada, and S. Yanagida, “Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells using room temperature molten salts and a low molecular weight gelator,” Chemical Communications, no. 4, pp. 374–375, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Kawano, H. Matsui, C. Matsuyama et al., “High performance dye-sensitized solar cells using ionic liquids as their electrolytes,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 164, no. 1–3, pp. 87–92, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Kuang, P. Wang, S. Ito, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “Stable mesoscopic dye-sensitized solar cells based on tetracyanoborate ionic liquid electrolyte,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 24, pp. 7732–7733, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Kubo, Y. Makimoto, T. Kitamura, Y. Wada, and S. Yanagida, “Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with ionic polymer electrolyte,” Chemistry Letters, no. 9, pp. 948–949, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Mohmeyer, D. Kuang, P. Wang, H.-W. Schmidt, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “An efficient organogelator for ionic liquids to prepare stable quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 16, no. 29, pp. 2978–2983, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Usui, H. Matsui, N. Tanabe, and S. Yanagida, “Improved dye-sensitized solar cells using ionic nanocomposite gel electrolytes,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 164, no. 1–3, pp. 97–101, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, P. Comte, I. Exnar, and M. Grätzel, “Gelation of ionic liquid-based electrolytes with silica nanoparticles for quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, no. 5, pp. 1166–1167, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, J. E. Moser, M. K. Nazeeruddin, T. Sekiguchi, and M. Grätzel, “A stable quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with an amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer and polymer gel electrolyte,” Nature Materials, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 402–407, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. C. O'Regan and F. O. Lenzmann, “Charge transport and recombination in a nanoscale interpenetrating network of n-type and p-type semiconductors: transient photocurrent and photovoltage studies of ${TiO}_{2}$ / Dye/CuSCN photovoltaic cells,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 14, pp. 4342–4350, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Krüger, R. Plass, L. Cevey, M. Piccirelli, M. Grätzel, and U. Bach, “High efficiency solid-state photovoltaic device due to inhibition of interface charge recombination,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 79, no. 13, pp. 2085–2087, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. J. Snaith and M. Grätzel, “Enhanced charge mobility in a molecular hole transporter via addition of redox inactive ionic dopant: implication to dye-sensitized solar cells,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 89, no. 26, Article ID 262114, p. 3 pages, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Krüger, R. Plass, M. Grätzeltzel, and H.-J. Matthieu, “Improvement of the photovoltaic performance of solid-state dye-sensitized device by silver complexation of the sensitizer cis-bis( $4, 4^{'}$ -dicarboxy- $2, 2^{'}$ bipyridine)-bis(isothiocyanato) ruthenium(II),” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 367–369, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Schmidt-Mende and M. Grätzel, “ ${TiO}_{2}$ pore-filling and its effect on the efficiency of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 500, no. 1-2, pp. 296–301, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. Bach, D. Lupo, P. Comte et al., “Solid-state dye-sensitized mesoporous ${TiO}_{2}$ solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies,” Nature, vol. 395, no. 6702, pp. 583–585, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. O'Regan, F. O. Lenzmann, R. Muis, and J. Wienke, “A solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell fabricated with pressure-treated P25- ${TiO}_{2}$ and CuSCN: analysis of pore filling and IV characteristics,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 5023–5029, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Konno, T. Kitagawa, H. Kida, G. R. A. Kumara, and K. Tennakone, “The effect of particle size and conductivity of CuI layer on the performance of solid-state dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells,” Current Applied Physics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 149–151, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. R. A. Kumara, S. Kaneko, M. Okuya, and K. Tennakone, “Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells using triethylamine hydrothiocyanate as a CuI crystal growth inhibitor,” Langmuir, vol. 18, no. 26, pp. 10493–10495, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2007 F. O. Lenzmann and J. M. Kroon. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation Order printed copies

Views

1287

Downloads

2992

Citations