Photonic Technologies for Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Signals
Figure 13
Millimeter-wave generation using external optical modulators: (a) frequency-doubling using a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) biased at its minimum transmission point; (b) frequency-quadrupling using a MZM biased at its maximum transmission point and filtering out the optical carrier; (c) frequency -tupling using a phase modulator and selecting appropriate sidebands.