Journal Menu
- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
Advances in Physical Chemistry
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 450912, 15 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/450912
Review Article
Nanotoxicity: Dimensional and Morphological Concerns
1Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
2Department of Chemical Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3Department of Chemistry, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Received 30 September 2010; Revised 14 December 2010; Accepted 3 January 2011
Academic Editor: Vicki H. Grassian
Copyright © 2011 Mohmmad Younus Wani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- Z. Liu, F. Kiessling, and J. Gatjens, “Advanced nanomaterials in multimodal imaging: design, functionalization, and biomedical applications,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2010, pp. 1–15, 2010.
- H. Zeng and S. Sun, “Syntheses, properties, and potential applications of multicomponent magnetic nanoparticles,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 391–400, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. L. Colvin, “The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials,” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1166–1170, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- T. Matsunaga, H. Togo, T. Kikuchi, and T. Tanaka, “Production of luciferase-magnetic particle complex by recombinant Magnetospirillum sp. AMB-1,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 704–709, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Matsunaga and T. Sakaguchi, “Molecular mechanism of magnet formation in bacteria,” Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Oberdörster, E. Oberdörster, and J. Oberdörster, “Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 823–839, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Arvidson, “A review of axonal transport of metals,” Toxicology, vol. 88, no. 1–3, pp. 1–14, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. E. Cross, B. Innes, M. S. Roberts, T. Tsuzuki, T. A. Robertson, and P. McCormick, “Human skin penetration of sunscreen nanoparticles: in-vitro assessment of a novel micronized zinc oxide formulation,” Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 148–154, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. Nowack and T. D. Bucheli, “Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 5–22, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. H. Hoet, I. Brüske-Hohlfeld, and O. V. Salata, “Nanoparticles—known and unknown health risks,” Journal of Nanobiotechnology, vol. 2, article 12, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. Duffin, N. L. Mills, and K. Donaldson, “Nanoparticles—a thoracic toxicology perspective,” Yonsei Medical Journal, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 561–572, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. J. Aitken, K. S. Creely, and C. L. Tran, “Nanoparticles: an occupational hygiene review,” Institute of Occupational Medicine for the Health and Safety Executive, pp. 1–113, 2004.
- H. J. Johnston, G. Hutchison, F. M. Christensen, S. Peters, S. Hankin, and V. Stone, “A review of the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of silver and gold particulates: particle attributes and biological mechanisms responsible for the observed toxicity,” Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 328–346, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. S. Brown, K. L. Zeman, and W. D. Bennett, “Ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 166, no. 9, pp. 1240–1247, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. J. Marquis, S. A. Love, K. L. Braun, and C. L. Haynes, “Analytical methods to assess nanoparticle toxicity,” Analyst, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 425–439, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Kulmala, H. Vehkamäki, T. Petäjä et al., “Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 143–176, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. P. Holsapple, W. H. Farland, T. D. Landry et al., “Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, part II: toxicological and safety evaluation of nanomaterials, current challenges and data needs,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 12–17, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- N. Li, C. Sioutas, A. Cho et al., “Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 455–460, 2003. View at Scopus
- M. Geiser, B. Rothen-Rutishauser, N. Kapp et al., “Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 113, no. 11, pp. 1555–1560, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Savić, L. Luo, A. Eisenberg, and D. Maysinger, “Micellar nanocontainers distribute to defined cytoplasmic organelles,” Science, vol. 300, no. 5619, pp. 615–618, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Hoshino, K. Fujioka, T. Oku et al., “Quantum dots targeted to the assigned organelle in living cells,” Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 985–994, 2004. View at Scopus
- V. Salnikov, Y. O. Lukyánenko, C. A. Frederick, W. J. Lederer, and V. Lukyánenko, “Probing the outer mitochondrial membrane in cardiac mitochondria with nanoparticles,” Biophysical Journal, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 1058–1071, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Donaldson and V. Stone, “Current hypotheses on the mechanisms of toxicity of ultrafine particles,” Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 405–410, 2003. View at Scopus
- A. Hett, “Nanotechnology: small matter, many unknowns,” Swiss Re publications, 2004.
- G. Oberdörster, A. Maynard, K. Donaldson et al., “Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy,” Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol. 2, article 8, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Z. Li, T. Hulderman, R. Salmen et al., “Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 377–382, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Donaldson, R. Aitken, L. Tran et al., “Carbon nanotubes: a review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 5–22, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. E. Cha and H. Myung, “Cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles assessed in vitro and in vivo,” Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1573–1578, 2007. View at Scopus
- A. Huczko, H. Lange, E. Calko, H. Grubek-Jaworska, and P. Droszcz, “Physiological testing of carbon nanotubes: are they asbestos-like?” Fullerene Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 251–254, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. P. Firme and P. R. Bandaru, “Toxicity issues in the application of carbon nanotubes to biological systems,” Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 245–256, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. J. A. Borm and W. Kreyling, “Toxicological hazards of inhaled nanoparticles—potential implications for drug delivery,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 521–531, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. A. Shvedova, E. R. Kisin, R. Mercer et al., “Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 289, no. 5, pp. L698–L708, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. C. Chalupa, P. E. Morrow, G. Oberdörster, M. J. Utell, and M. W. Frampton, “Ultrafine particle deposition in subjects with asthma,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 112, no. 8, pp. 879–882, 2004. View at Scopus
- R. D. Handy, T. B. Henry, T. M. Scown, B. D. Johnston, and C. R. Tyler, “Manufactured nanoparticles: their uptake and effects on fish—a mechanistic analysis,” Ecotoxicology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 396–409, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. Nowack and T. D. Bucheli, “Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 5–22, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- N. Lewinski, V. Colvin, and R. Drezek, “Cytotoxicity of nanopartides,” Small, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 26–49, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. F. Service, “Nanotechnology grows up,” Science, vol. 304, no. 5678, pp. 1732–1734, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Oberdörster, E. Oberdörster, and J. Oberdörster, “Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 823–839, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. D. Handy, R. Owen, and E. Valsami-Jones, “The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs,” Ecotoxicology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 315–325, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. M. Hussain, K. L. Hess, J. M. Gearhart, K. T. Geiss, and J. J. Schlager, “In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells,” Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 975–983, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. M. Sayes, J. D. Fortner, W. Guo et al., “The differential cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerenes,” Nano Letters, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 1881–1887, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. L. Baker, A. Gupta, M. L. Clark et al., “Inhalation toxicity and lung toxicokinetics of C60 fullerene nanoparticles and microparticles,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 122–131, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. C. P. Elder, R. Gelein, J. N. Finkelstein, C. Cox, and G. Oberdorster, “Pulmonary inflammatory response to inhaled ultrafine particles is modified by age, ozone exposure, and bacterial toxin,” Inhalation Toxicology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 227–246, 2000. View at Scopus
- E. Oberdörster, “Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, C60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 112, no. 10, pp. 1058–1062, 2004. View at Scopus
- S. B. Lovern and R. Klaper, “Daphnia magna mortality when exposed to titanium dioxide and fullerene (C60) nanoparticles,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1132–1137, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Y. Lyon, L. K. Adams, J. C. Falkner, and P. J. J. Alvarez, “Antibacterial activity of fullerene water suspensions: effects of preparation method and particle size,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 40, no. 14, pp. 4360–4366, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Y. Lyon, J. D. Fortner, C. M. Sayes, V. L. Colvin, and J. B. Hughes, “Bacterial cell association and antimicrobial activity of a C60 water suspension,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2757–2762, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. E. Wichmann, C. Spix, T. Tuch et al., “Daily mortality and fine and ultrafine particles in Erfurt, Germany part I: role of particle number and particle mass,” Research Report, no. 98, pp. 5–87, 2000. View at Scopus
- A. M. Derfus, W. C. W. Chan, and S. N. Bhatia, “Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots,” Nano Letters, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. B. Warheit, T. R. Webb, C. M. Sayes, V. L. Colvin, and K. L. Reed, “Pulmonary instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats: toxicity is not dependent upon particle size and surface area,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 227–236, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- V. H. Grassian, P. T. O'Shaughnessy, A. Adamcakova-Dodd, J. M. Pettibone, and P. S. Thorne, “Inhalation exposure study of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a primary particle size of 2 to 5 nm,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 397–402, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. M. Pettibone, A. Adamcakova-Dodd, P. S. Thorne, P. T. O'Shaughnessy, J. A. Weydert, and V. H. Grassian, “Inflammatory response of mice following inhalation exposure to iron and copper nanoparticles,” Nanotoxicology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 189–204, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Nemmar, M. F. Hoylaerts, P. H. M. Hoet, J. Vermylen, and B. Nemery, “Size effect of intratracheally instilled particles on pulmonary inflammation and vascular thrombosis,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 186, no. 1, pp. 38–45, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Veronesi, C. D. Haar, L. Lee, and M. Oortgiesen, “The surface charge of visible particulate matter predicts biological activation in human bronchial epithelial cells,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 178, no. 3, pp. 144–154, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. B. Warheit, B. R. Laurence, K. L. Reed, D. H. Roach, G. A. M. Reynolds, and T. R. Webb, “Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 117–125, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Oberdörster, J. Ferin, and B. E. Lehnert, “Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 102, no. 5, pp. 173–179, 1994. View at Scopus
- M. Geiser, S. Schürch, and P. Gehr, “Influence of surface chemistry and topography of particles on their immersion into the lung's surface-lining layer,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 1793–1801, 2003. View at Scopus
- D. M. Brown, K. Donaldson, P. J. Borm et al., “Calcium and ROS-mediated activation of transcription factors and TNF-α cytokine gene expression in macrophages exposed to ultrafine particles,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 286, no. 2, pp. L344–L353, 2004. View at Scopus
- C. S. Hansen, M. Sheykhzade, P. Møller et al., “Diesel exhaust particles induce endothelial dysfunction in mice,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 219, no. 1, pp. 24–32, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Z. Li, T. Hulderman, R. Salmen et al., “Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 377–382, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. P. Simeonova and A. Erdely, “Engineered nanoparticle respiratory exposure and potential risks for cardiovascular toxicity: predictive tests and biomarkers,” Inhalation Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 68–73, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. R. Lockman, J. M. Koziara, R. J. Mumper, and D. Allen, “Nanoparticle surface charges alter blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability,” Journal of Drug Targeting, vol. 12, no. 9-10, pp. 635–641, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Y. Jallouli, A. Paillard, J. Chang, E. Sevin, and D. Betbeder, “Influence of surface charge and inner composition of porous nanoparticles to cross blood-brain barrier in vitro,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 344, no. 1-2, pp. 103–109, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- T. C. Long, N. Saleh, R. D. Tilton, G. V. Lowry, and B. Veronesi, “Titanium dioxide (P25) produces reactive oxygen species in immortalized brain microglia (BV2): implications for nanoparticle neurotoxicity,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 40, no. 14, pp. 4346–4352, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. Peters, B. Veronesi, L. Calderón-Garcidueñas et al., “Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles a critical update,” Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol. 3, article 13, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. Baroli, M. G. Ennas, F. Loffredo, M. Isola, R. Pinna, and M. A. López-Quintela, “Penetration of metallic nanoparticles in human full-thickness skin,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 127, no. 7, pp. 1701–1712, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. V. Zvyagin, X. Zhao, A. Gierden, W. Sanchez, J. A. Ross, and M. S. Roberts, “Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 13, no. 6, Article ID 064031, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Nel, T. Xia, L. Mädler, and N. Li, “Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel,” Science, vol. 311, no. 5761, pp. 622–627, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. G. Xiao, M. Wang, N. Li, J. A. Loo, and A. E. Nel, “Use of proteomics to demonstrate a hierarchical oxidative stress response to diesel exhaust particle chemicals in a macrophage cell line,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 50, pp. 50781–50790, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. A. Clancy, Y. Gregoriou, K. Yaehne, and D. T. Cramb, “Measuring properties of nanoparticles in embryonic blood vessels: towards a physicochemical basis for nanotoxicity,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 488, no. 4-6, pp. 99–111, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. D. Holbrook, K. E. Murphy, J. B. Morrow, and K. D. Cole, “Trophic transfer of nanoparticles in a simplified invertebrate food web,” Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 352–355, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. R. Larson, W. R. Zipfel, R. M. Williams et al., “Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo,” Science, vol. 300, no. 5624, pp. 1434–1436, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. M. Smith, S. Dave, S. Nie, L. True, and X. Gao, “Multicolor quantum dots for molecular diagnostics of cancer,” Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 231–244, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Kulthong, S. Srisung, K. Boonpavanitchakul, W. Kangwansupamonkon, and R. Maniratanachote, “Determination of silver nanoparticle release from antibacterial fabrics into artificial sweat,” Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol. 7, article 8, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. E. Paddle-Ledinek, Z. Nasa, and H. J. Cleland, “Effect of different wound dressings on cell viability and proliferation,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol. 117, no. 7, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. K. Lam, E. S. Y. Chan, W. S. Ho, and C. T. Liew, “In vitro cytotoxicity testing of a nanocrystalline silver dressing (Acticoat) on cultured keratinocytes,” British Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 125–127, 2004. View at Scopus
- V. K. M. Poon and A. Burd, “In vitro cytotoxity of silver: implication for clinical wound care,” Burns, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 140–147, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Arora, J. Jain, J. M. Rajwade, and K. M. Paknikar, “Cellular responses induced by silver nanoparticles: in vitro studies,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 179, no. 2, pp. 93–100, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Arora, J. Jain, J. M. Rajwade, and K. M. Paknikar, “Interactions of silver nanoparticles with primary mouse fibroblasts and liver cells,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 236, no. 3, pp. 310–318, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Y. H. Hsin, C. F. Chen, S. Huang, T. S. Shih, P. S. Lai, and P. J. Chueh, “The apoptotic effect of nanosilver is mediated by a ROS- and JNK-dependent mechanism involving the mitochondrial pathway in NIH3T3 cells,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 179, no. 3, pp. 130–139, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. Gopinath, S. K. Gogoi, P. Sanpui, A. Paul, A. Chattopadhyay, and S. S. Ghosh, “Signaling gene cascade in silver nanoparticle induced apoptosis,” Colloids and Surfaces B, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 240–245, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Takenaka, E. Karg, C. Roth et al., “Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 547–551, 2001. View at Scopus
- J. H. Sung, J. H. Ji, J. U. Yoon et al., “Lung function changes in Sprague-Dawley rats after prolonged inhalation exposure to silver nanoparticles,” Inhalation Toxicology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 567–574, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. M. Hussain, K. L. Hess, J. M. Gearhart, K. T. Geiss, and J. J. Schlager, “In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells,” Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 975–983, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Kawata, M. Osawa, and S. Okabe, “In vitro toxicity of silver nanoparticles at noncytotoxic doses to HepG2 human hepatoma cells,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 43, no. 15, pp. 6046–6051, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Greulich, S. Kittler, M. Epple, G. Muhr, and M. Köller, “Studies on the biocompatibility and the interaction of silver nanoparticles with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs),” Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, vol. 394, no. 3, pp. 495–502, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Oberdörster, Z. Sharp, V. Atudorei et al., “Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain,” Inhalation Toxicology, vol. 16, no. 6-7, pp. 437–445, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Soto, K. M. Garza, and L. E. Murr, “Cytotoxic effects of aggregated nanomaterials,” Acta Biomaterialia, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 351–358, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Carlson, S. M. Hussein, A. M. Schrand et al., “Unique cellular interaction of silver nanoparticles: size-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 112, no. 43, pp. 13608–13619, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. Braydich-Stolle, S. Hussain, J. J. Schlager, and M. C. Hofmann, “In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 412–419, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Ahamed, M. Karns, M. Goodson et al., “DNA damage response to different surface chemistry of silver nanoparticles in mammalian cells,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 233, no. 3, pp. 404–410, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. V. Asharani, Y. L. Wu, Z. Gong, and S. Valiyaveettil, “Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish models,” Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 25, Article ID 255102, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Foldbjerg, P. Olesen, M. Hougaard, D. A. Dang, H. J. Hoffmann, and H. Autrup, “PVP-coated silver nanoparticles and silver ions induce reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and necrosis in THP-1 monocytes,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 190, no. 2, pp. 156–162, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- F. F. Larese, F. D'Agostin, M. Crosera et al., “Human skin penetration of silver nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin,” Toxicology, vol. 255, no. 1-2, pp. 33–37, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. E. Samberg, S. J. Oldenburg, and N. A. Monteiro-Riviere, “Evaluation of silver nanoparticle toxicity in skin in vivo and keratinocytes in vitro,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 407–413, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Kalishwaralal, E. Banumathi, S. R. K. Pandian et al., “Silver nanoparticles inhibit VEGF induced cell proliferation and migration in bovine retinal endothelial cells,” Colloids and Surfaces B, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 51–57, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Elder, R. Gelein, V. Silva et al., “Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 114, no. 8, pp. 1172–1178, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. M. Hussain, A. K. Javorina, A. M. Schrand, H. M. H. M. Duhart, S. F. Ali, and J. J. Schlager, “The interaction of manganese nanoparticles with PC-12 cells induces dopamine depletion,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 456–463, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- V. E. Fako and D. Y. Furgeson, “Zebrafish as a correlative and predictive model for assessing biomaterial nanotoxicity,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 478–486, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. J. Lee, P. D. Nallathamby, L. M. Browning, C. J. Osgood, and X. H. Xu, “In vivo imaging of transport and biocompatibility of single silver nanoparticles in early development of zebrafish embryos,” ACS Nano, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 133–143, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- O. Bar-Ilan, R. M. Albrecht, V. E. Fako, and D. Y. Furgeson, “Toxicity assessments of multisized gold and silver nanoparticles in zebrafish embryos,” Small, vol. 5, no. 16, pp. 1897–1910, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. E. Choi, S. Kim, J. H. Ahn et al., “Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by silver nanoparticles in the liver of adult zebrafish,” Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 100, pp. 151–159, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Y. Wu, Q. Zhou, H. Li, W. Liu, T. Wang, and G. Jiang, “Effects of silver nanoparticles on the development and histopathology biomarkers of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) using the partial-life test,” Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 160–167, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Y. J. Chae, C. H. Pham, J. Lee, E. Bae, J. Yi, and M. B. Gu, “Evaluation of the toxic impact of silver nanoparticles on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes),” Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 320–327, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. P. Wise, B. C. Goodale, S. S. Wise et al., “Silver nanospheres are cytotoxic and genotoxic to fish cells,” Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 34–41, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Bilberg, H. Malte, T. Wang, and E. Baatrup, “Silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate cause respiratory stress in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis),” Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 159–165, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- T. M. Scown, E. M. Santos, B. D. Johnston et al., “Effects of aqueous exposure to silver nanoparticles of different sizes in rainbow trout,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 521–534, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Laban, L. F. Nies, R. F. Turco, J. W. Bickham, and M. S. Sepúlveda, “The effects of silver nanoparticles on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos,” Ecotoxicology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 185–195, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. H. Ringwood, M. McCarthy, T. C. Bates, and D. L. Carroll, “The effects of silver nanoparticles on oyster embryos,” Marine Environmental Research, vol. 69, pp. S49–S51, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Ahamed, R. Posgai, T. J. Gorey, M. Nielsen, S. M. Hussain, and J. J. Rowe, “Silver nanoparticles induced heat shock protein 70, oxidative stress and apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 242, no. 3, pp. 263–269, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. J. Benford, A. B. Hanley, K. Bottrill et al., “Biomarkers as predictive tools in toxicity testing,” ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 119–131, 2000. View at Scopus
- E. Bier, “Drosophila, the golden bug, emerges as a tool for human genetics,” Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 9–23, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. Wasserkort and T. Koller, “Screening toxic effects of volatile organic compounds using Drosophila melanogaster,” Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 119–125, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. R. Siddique, K. Mitra, V. K. Bajpai, K. Ravi Ram, D. K. Saxena, and D. K. Chowdhuri, “Hazardous effect of tannery solid waste leachates on development and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster: 70 kDa heat shock protein as a marker of cellular damage,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 1652–1662, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. Posgai, M. Ahamed, S. M. Hussain, J. J. Rowe, and M. G. Nielsen, “Inhalation method for delivery of nanoparticles to the Drosophila respiratory system for toxicity testing,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 408, no. 2, pp. 439–443, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. C. Gupta, A. Sharma, M. Mishra, R. K. Mishra, and D. K. Chowdhuri, “Heat shock proteins in toxicology: how close and how far?” Life Sciences, vol. 86, no. 11-12, pp. 377–384, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Y. Roh, J. S. Sang, J. Yi et al., “Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using functional ecotoxicogenomics,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 3933–3940, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. H. Sung, J. H. Ji, J. U. Yoon et al., “Lung function changes in Sprague-Dawley rats after prolonged inhalation exposure to silver nanoparticles,” Inhalation Toxicology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 567–574, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Y. S. Kim, J. S. Kim, H. S. Cho et al., “Twenty-eight-day oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and gender-related tissue distribution of silver nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats,” Inhalation Toxicology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 575–583, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. L. Schipper, N. Nakayama-Ratchford, C. R. Davis et al., “A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice,” Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 216–221, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Z. Liu, K. Chen, C. Davis et al., “Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer treatment,” Cancer Research, vol. 68, no. 16, pp. 6652–6660, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Huczko and H. Lange, “Carbon nanotubes: experimental evidence for a null risk of skin irritation and allergy,” Fullerene Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 247–250, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C.-W. Lam, J. T. James, R. McCluskey, and R. L. Hunter, “Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intractracheal instillation,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 126–134, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. B. Warheit, B. R. Laurence, K. L. Reed, D. H. Roach, G. A. M. Reynolds, and T. R. Webb, “Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 117–125, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. A. Shvedova, E. R. Kisin, R. Mercer et al., “Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 289, no. 5, pp. L698–L708, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. Cherukuri, C. J. Gannon, T. K. Leeuw et al., “Mammalian pharmacokinetics of carbon nanotubes using intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 50, pp. 18882–18886, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Davoren, E. Herzog, A. Casey et al., “In vitro toxicity evaluation of single walled carbon nanotubes on human A549 lung cells,” Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 438–448, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. Pulskamp, S. Diabaté, and H. F. Krug, “Carbon nanotubes show no sign of acute toxicity but induce intracellular reactive oxygen species in dependence on contaminants,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 58–74, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- W. Lin, Y. W. Huang, X. D. Zhou, and Y. Ma, “In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 217, no. 3, pp. 252–259, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J.-S. Chang, K. L.B. Chang, D.-F. Hwang, and Z.-L. Kong, “In vitro cytotoxicitiy of silica nanoparticles at high concentrations strongly depends on the metabolic activity type of the cell line,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 2064–2068, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- Y. Jin, S. Kannan, M. Wu, and J. X. Zhao, “Toxicity of luminescent silica nanoparticles to living cells,” Chemical Research in Toxicology, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1126–1133, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- T. K. Barik, B. Sahu, and V. Swain, “Nanosilica—from medicine to pest control,” Parasitology Research, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 253–258, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- H. Yang, C. Liu, D. Yang, H. Zhang, and Z. Xi, “Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition,” Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 69–78, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Chen and A. von Mikecz, “Formation of nucleoplasmic protein aggregates impairs nuclear function in response to SiO2 nanoparticles,” Experimental Cell Research, vol. 305, no. 1, pp. 51–62, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- F. Wang, F. Gao, M. Lan, H. Yuan, Y. Huang, and J. Liu, “Oxidative stress contributes to silica nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells,” Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 808–815, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- W. Lin, Y. W. Huang, X. D. Zhou, and Y. Ma, “In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 217, no. 3, pp. 252–259, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. Lison, L. C. J. Thomassen, V. Rabolli et al., “Nominal and effective dosimetry of silica nanoparticles in cytotoxicity assays,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 155–162, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- E. J. Park and K. Park, “Oxidative stress and proinflammatory responses induced by silica nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 184, no. 1, pp. 18–25, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- I. Bremner, “Manifestations of copper excess,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 67, no. 5, 1998. View at Scopus
- D. R. Winge and R. K. Mehra, “Host defenses against copper toxicity,” International Review of Experimental Pathology, vol. 31, pp. 47–83, 1990. View at Scopus
- D. G. Barceloux, “Copper,” Journal Toxicological Clinical Toxicology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 217–230, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Liu, X. Li, B. Qin, D. Xing, Y. Guo, and R. Fan, “Investigation of the mending effect and mechanism of copper nano-particles on a tribologically stressed surface,” Tribology Letters, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 961–966, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Cioffi, N. Ditaranto, L. Torsi et al., “Analytical characterization of bioactive fluoropolymer ultra-thin coatings modified by copper nanoparticles,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 381, no. 3, pp. 607–616, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- V. N. Bakunin, A. YU. Suslov, G. N. Kuzmina, and O. P. Parenago, “Synthesis and application of inorganic nanoparticles as lubricant components-a review,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 6, no. 2-3, pp. 273–284, 2004. View at Scopus
- K. Guo, Q. Pan, L. Wang, and S. Fang, “Nano-scale copper-coated graphite as anode material for lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 679–685, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Meng, Z. Chen, G. Xing et al., “Ultrahigh reactivity provokes nanotoxicity: explanation of oral toxicity of nano-copper particles,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 175, no. 1–3, pp. 102–110, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Z. Chen, H. Meng, G. Xing et al., “Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 163, no. 2, pp. 109–120, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. M. Galhardi, Y. S. Diniz, L. A. Faine et al., “Toxicity of copper intake: lipid profile, oxidative stress and susceptibility to renal dysfunction,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 2053–2060, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. Lei, C. Wu, and B. Yang, “Integrated metabolomic analysis of the nano-sized copper particle-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats: A rapid in vivoscreening method for nanotoxicity,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 232, no. 2, 2008.
- M. Prato, “Fullerene chemistry for materials science applications,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1097–1109, 1997. View at Scopus
- D. Heymann, “Solubility of fullerenes C60 and C70 in seven normal alcohols and their deduced solubility in water,” Fullerene Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 509–515, 1996. View at Scopus
- X. Cheng, A. T. Kan, and M. B. Tomson, “Naphthalene adsorption and desorption from aqueous C60 fullerene,” Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 675–683, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. D. Fortner, D. Y. Lyon, C. M. Sayes et al., “C60 in water: nanocrystal formation and microbial response,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 4307–4316, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Y. Lyon and P. J. J. Alvarez, “Fullerene water suspension (nC60) exerts antibacterial effects via ROS-independent protein oxidation,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 42, no. 21, pp. 8127–8132, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. B. Lovern and R. Klaper, “Daphnia magna mortality when exposed to titanium dioxide and fullerene (C60) nanoparticles,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1132–1137, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Zhu, E. Oberdörster, and M. L. Haasch, “Toxicity of an engineered nanoparticle (fullerene, C60) in two aquatic species, Daphnia and fathead minnow,” Marine Environmental Research, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. S5–S9, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Dhawan, J. S. Taurozzi, A. K. Pandey et al., “Stable colloidal dispersions of C60 fullerenes in water: evidence for genotoxicity,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 40, no. 23, pp. 7394–7401, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K.-T. Kim, M.-H. Jang, J.-Y. Kim, and S. D. Kim, “Effect of preparation methods on toxicity of fullerene water suspensions to Japanese medaka embryos,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 408, no. 22, pp. 5606–5612, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- P. Hoet and J. Boczkowski, “What's new in nanotoxicology? Brief review of the 2007 literature,” Nanotoxicology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 171–182, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. F. Service, “Nanotechnology grows up,” Science, vol. 304, no. 5678, pp. 1732–1734, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. R. Gwinn and V. Vallyathan, “Nanoparticles: health effects—pros and cons,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 114, no. 12, pp. 1818–1825, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. K. Nicholson, J. Connelly, J. C. Lindon, and E. Holmes, “Metabonomics: a platform for studying drug toxicity and gene function,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 153–161, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. J. Atherton, N. J. Bailey, W. Zhang et al., “A combined 1H-NMR spectroscopy- and mass spectrometry-based metabolomic study of the PPAR-α null mutant mouse defines profound systemic changes in metabolism linked to the metabolic syndrome,” Physiological Genomics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 178–186, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- E. J. Want, A. Nordström, H. Morita, and G. Siuzdak, “From exogenous to endogenous: the inevitable imprint of mass spectrometry in metabolomics,” Journal of Proteome Research, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 459–468, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. L. Anthony, K. P. R. Gartland, C. R. Beddell, J. C. Lindon, and J. K. Nicholson, “Cephaloridine-induced nephrotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat: proton NMR spectroscopic studies of urine and plasma in relation to conventional clinical chemical and histopathological assessments of nephronal damage,” Archives of Toxicology, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 525–537, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. P. R. Gartland, C. R. Beddell, J. C. Lindon, and J. K. Nicholson, “Application of pattern recognition methods to the analysis and classification of toxicological data derived from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine,” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 629–642, 1991.
- E. Holmes, A. W. Nicholls, J. C. Lindon et al., “Chemometric models for toxicity classification based on NMR spectra of biofluids,” Chemical Research in Toxicology, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 471–478, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. J. Waterfield, J. A. Turton, M. D. C. Scales, and J. A. Timbrell, “Investigations into the effects of various hepatotoxic compounds on urinary and liver taurine levels in rats,” Archives of Toxicology, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 244–254, 1993. View at Scopus
- D. G. Robertson, M. D. Reily, R. E. Sigler, D. F. Wells, D. A. Paterson, and T. K. Braden, “Metabonomics: evaluation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and pattern recognition technology for rapid in vivo screening of liver and kidney toxicants,” Toxicological Sciences, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 326–337, 2000. View at Scopus
- N. J. Waters, C. J. Waterfield, R. D. Farrant, E. Holmes, and J. K. Nicholson, “Integrated metabonomic analysis of bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity: novel induction of 5-oxoprolinosis,” Journal of Proteome Research, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1448–1459, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Parvez, C. Venkataraman, and S. Mukherji, “A review on advantages of implementing luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri) for acute toxicity prediction of chemicals,” Environment International, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 265–268, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. P. Loibner, O. H. J. Szolar, R. Braun, and D. Hirmann, “Toxicity testing of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Lumistox,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 557–564, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Lappalainen, R. Juvonen, J. Nurmi, and M. Karp, “Automated color correction method for Vibrio fischeri toxicity test. Comparison of standard and kinetic assays,” Chemosphere, vol. 45, no. 4-5, pp. 635–641, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Zheng, L. Liu, Y. Lu et al., “Rapid determination of nanotoxicity using luminous bacteria,” Analytical Sciences, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 125–128, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus