Three Microwave Frequency Dividers Using Current Source/Sink and Modified Current Source Inverters

Table 4

Measured operating parameters of the optimized circuits.

Inverter type	Input type	𝑉bias	Max input frequency	𝑃dissipation	Figure of merit	Voltage swing		Remarks/possible usage mode
						Min	Max
Current sink; with 𝑉bias optimization	Sine	450 mV	2.55 GHz	31.29 𝜇W	81.49	0	815 mV	Reduced output voltage swing as 𝑉bias is increased limits practical implementation
		600 mV	3.75 GHz	71.26 𝜇W	52.62	80 mV	500 mV
	Square	450 mV	3.0 GHz	25.46 𝜇W	117.83	0	810 mV
		600 mV	4.54 GHz	59.81 𝜇W	75.90	0	491 mV
Current source; with 𝑉bias optimization	Sine	250 mV	5.7 GHz	55.12 𝜇W	103.41	64 mV	1 V	High speed mode
		415 mV	3.65 GHz	33.42 𝜇W	109.21	37 mV	1 V	Low power mode
	Square	250 mV	6.17 GHz	37.71 𝜇W	163.61	62 mV	1 V	High speed mode
		415 mV	4 GHz	20.75 𝜇W	192.77	37 mV	1 V	Low power mode