Abstract
A new approach for the design of an active comb filter is proposed to remove the selected frequencies of various signals. The proposed filter is based on only OTAs and capacitors, hence suitable for monolithic integrated circuit implementation. The workability of the circuit is tested using PSPICE for test signals of 60, 180, 300, and 420 Hz as in ECG signal. The results are given in the paper and found to agree well with theory.
1. Introduction
When harmonics of a certain frequency components are coupled into the circuit or the signal transmission line of an instrumentation system, the data acquired may suffer from harmonic interference. The power line interference is a common type of interference for various types of signals such as biomedical signals. There are basically two components in power line interferences, namely, electric field interference and magnetic field interference. Electric field interference generates spikes at 50/60 Hz frequency, whereas magnetic field which is generated due to the transformer in the power supply causes interference to generate harmonic frequencies of the fundamental. As an example, the source of these interferences is present in the entire clinic [1, 2], where a number of biomedical instruments run on AC power line. Hence physiological signal gets corrupted by power line frequency and its harmonics. The interference may be removed by both digital and analog filtering techniques [1–9].
Operational amplifiers are the most popular building block for analog circuit design. However, op-amp has limitations in bandwidth and slew rate which lead the analog designer to search for other possibilities [5–7, 10–17]. Recently operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) has been found to be one of the most significant building blocks in analog signal processing. In high-frequency continuous-time filters, OTA-C filters have often been employed since OTAs provide high bandwidth, high slew rate, and a transconductance gain () which can be electronically controlled using a bias current. Hence the circuits developed using OTAs are most likely to possess intrinsic electronic control of parameters such as the cutoff frequency, quality factor, gain of a filter or frequency of oscillation, and the condition of oscillation of an oscillator.
In this paper a new analog comb filter based on notch filter is proposed. The presented filter is developed using all OTAs and capacitors. Hence it is an OTA-C comb filter and suitable for IC implementation. The parameters of the comb filter can be easily tuned electronically using bias current of OTAs.
2. Circuit Description
The circuit of second order passive notch filter is shown in Figure 1.
The routine analysis gives voltage transfer function as The parameters of notch filters are obtained as
2.1. Proposed Active Comb Filter
The extension of section of circuit in Figure 1 gives a comb filter as shown in Figure 2. It can remove -number of harmonics of the power line interference, which corrupt the input signal .
The routine analysis of the circuit in Figure 2 results in a voltage transfer function of the active comb filter as The th notch filter is used to eliminate the th harmonic component from the input signal . The transfer function of the th notch filter is obtained as It is well known that the implementation of inductance in integrated circuits is very difficult or almost impossible. The passive resistance () is also not encouraged in integrated circuit implementation. Hence to ease the integrated circuit implementation, the proposed notch filter is implemented based on a new active element, namely, operational transconductance amplifier (OTA).
Operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is an active current mode building block. It is widely used block in integrated circuit technique and suitable for various applications. It consists of an input differential pair and an output current mirror. The input of OTA is voltage and output is current. It has higher bandwidth and slew rate than op-amp. The transconductance gain () of OTA can be controlled electronically by bias current over a wide range. The symbolic representation of an OTA is given in Figure 3 and internal structure in Figure 4. The transconductance gain for CMOS based OTA is expressed as where is constant, μ is the mobility of electron, is oxide capacitance, is biasing current which is controlled by biasing voltage , is channel width, and is the channel length of the transistor.
The circuit of notch filter using all OTAs and capacitors is shown in Figure 5. The resistance () and inductance () are expressed as where and are the transconductance of the OTAs, which implements and , respectively.
It reveals that the value of resistance () and inductance () may be varied using bias current of respective OTAs. Hence, , , and bandwidth () can be tuned electronically with the bias current of OTAs. It is also evident that can be tuned independently of by . The generalized proposed OTA-C comb filter which can absorb number of unwanted frequencies is shown in Figure 6. The expressions of the characteristic parameters of each notch filter are modified as It is evident that once the values of and are fixed as per requirement, the notch frequencies can still be tuned by varying using bias currents of th set of OTAs. The same is also true for quality factor and bandwidth .
3. Simulation and Result
The OTA in Figure 4 has been simulated using PSPICE in 0.5 μm CMOS Technology. The dimensions of the MOS are given in Table 1 [4]. The supply voltages used for simulation are V and V. The results of simulations are shown in Figures 7, 8, and 9.
Physiological signal such as ECG signal is known to contain the power line frequency and its harmonics along with the actual physiological signal. Hence as an example, the proposed comb filter is designed for to show its performance to remove undesired power line signals of fundamental frequency of 60 Hz and its odd harmonics 180, 300, and 420 Hz in ECG signal. As it is a low-frequency operation, a low noise and low distortion OTA as presented in Figure 4 suitable for low-frequency application [4] is used. The values of capacitors used are nF, nF, nF, nF, and nF and is adjusted to 100 kΩ by biasing current of corresponding OTAs. The frequency response of the output of the comb filter is shown in Figure 10. It verifies that the simulated response matches perfectly the theoretical result. The time responses of the input having frequencies 60, 180, 300, and 420 Hz signals and their corresponding outputs are shown in Figures 11, 12, 13, and 14, respectively. It reveals that the output is almost insignificant at the set (rejection) frequency of the comb filter. To know the quality of the output and dynamic range at the passband, the total harmonic distortion has been obtained for a signal at 100 Hz as shown in Figure 15. It indicates that % THD is very low up to 4.5 V (peak to peak). It indicates that the dynamic range is wide. The noise characteristic of the proposed circuit has been analyzed. The proposed comb filter is designed to reject 60 Hz, 180 Hz, 300 Hz, and 420 Hz signals. The noise of the circuit for an input signal of 100 KHz is obtained as 484 at the input and 482 at output. However when it is tested with input signal of 60 Hz, the input noise is obtained as 987.7 and output noise of 0.45 . It shows a significant reduction of noise at stopband. The circuit consumes a power of 21.5 mW. Moreover, 3 dB cutoff frequency of the OTA transconductance is MHz for the biasing current of μA; the same is shown in Figure 9. Therefore the operation of the proposed circuit is limited to 65.97 MHz.
4. Conclusion
A new active comb OTA-C filter is proposed. The workability of the circuit has been tested by using PSPICE in 0.5 μm CMOS Technology. The simulated and theoretical results agreed quite well. The comparison of the proposed work with the reported publications [8, 9] reveals the following features in favour of proposed circuit. (i) It indicates that %THD is very low up to the input signal of 4.5 V (Peak-to-Peak). (ii) Although the number of active components is higher in comparison to [8, 9], the number of passive components is remarkably less. (iii) Parameters of filters such as , , and can be electronically controlled by varying bias current of OTAs. (iv) Moreover, can be conveniently varied independent of by bias current of OTAs, which is very much useful to achieve high selectivity.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.