Abstract
A novel structure with sharp roll-off, wide stopband, and very compact size is presented in this paper. By combining a capacitor-embedded transmission line ring and two shunt open stubs, this structure exhibits a high-performance three-pole low-pass filter (LPF) response with four generated transmission zeros. With the help of these four transmission zeros, the proposed LPF achieves improved roll-off rate, extended stopband, and significantly very compact size. To verify the feasibility of the proposed structure, a prototype LPF having the cut-off frequency at 0.63 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured as an illustrative example. Final result shows that a roll-off rate of 109.3 dB/GHz along with a relative stopband bandwidth of 114.6% can be obtained. Moreover, the filter dimensions are as small as 15.7 mm × 26.9 mm, that is, , where is the guided wavelength at the cut-off frequency. The filter structure is simple and easy to fabricate as well.
1. Introduction
High-performance low-pass filters (LPFs) with the compact size are highly desirable to remove the unwanted high-frequency harmonics and intermodulations in various wireless communication systems. Conventional transmission line LPFs, such as open-circuited stub and stepped-impedance LPFs, often suffer from gradual cut-off attenuation skirt, narrow stopband bandwidth, and large circuit size [1]. For achieving the requirement of high performance, the usual approach is to raise the order of stepped-impedance LPFs to a great extent. Unfortunately, both the circuit size and in-band insertion loss increase considerably.
Recently, many studies in defected ground structure (DGS) have been made to obtain LPF with sharp roll-off rate, wide stopband characteristic, and compact size [2, 3]. However, the design procedure of DGS has fabrication difficulties and DGS itself will cause radiation. Except for DGS, another method to realize compact LPF is to introduce transmission zeros in the filter’s transfer function. Generating transmission zero points and properly locating them can develop sharp response from passband to stopband and deep rejection outside the passband. Thus, a low-order LPF with the help of extra transmission zero points can meet the stop band requirements that are usually achieved by high-order filters. In [4], the stepped-impedance hairpin resonator is adapted to design wideband LPF. However, the roll-off skirt of this LPF is very gradual as only one transmission zero is excited in the stopband, which is very far away from the cutoff frequency. And, in [5, 6], two transmission zeros are produced to improve the stopband behavior by introducing the CSRR (complementary split ring resonators) and interdigital DGS, respectively. Nevertheless, the stopband characteristics remain to be enhanced due to finite transmission zeros. Therefore, in order to excite multiple transmission zeros to broaden the stopband and sharpen the roll-off skirt, multisection structures have been engineered in [7–9], for instance, in [7], a cascaded unit composed of two asymmetrical hairpin units as well as a connecting line is employed to obtain a very wide stopband LPF with five proposed transmission zeros; additionally in [8, 9], the cascades of various TFSs (transversal filtering sections) and several CPW (coplanar-waveguide) tapered sections are exploited to obtain an extraordinary sharp-rejection, ultralarge attenuated band LPF with multiple transmission zeros. Despite so many attractive features, these multisection LPFs [7–9] generally have large circuit size, which greatly hinder their further developments and applications. Owing to the gradual roll-off skirt, complex fabrication, and large circuit size, these structures fail to meet the increasing higher demand of high-performance LPFs with the compact size.
In this paper, a novel structure composed of a capacitor-embedded ring as well as two symmetrical open stubs connected at the two bilateral tapped points is proposed to solve the problem above. Detailed analysis based on matrices transformation reveals that the proposed structure exhibits three-pole low-pass filtering response with four adjustable transmission zeros. By properly adjusting and locating the four transmission zeros, not only sharp and wide rejection but also size reduction can be addressed simultaneously. The design, simulation, and measurement of the exemplary filter successfully verify the feasibility of the proposed structure to realize high-performance LPF with very compact size.
2. Theoretical Analysis
Figure 1 demonstrates the basic configuration of the proposed low-pass filter. As shown in the figure, the proposed low-pass filter consists of two parallel sections, that is, two symmetrical open-circuited transmission lines in Figure 2(a) and a capacitor-embedded transmission line ring in Figure 2(b). To analyze this structure easily, we assume that the whole transmission line model is lossless and the effect of the feeding lines and all discontinuities is negligible.
(a)
(b)
Based on the assumptions above, the total -matrix of the structure can be expressed aswhere [] and [] are the admittance matrices of networks in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), respectively.
As for the network in Figure 2(a), the overall -matrix can be derived aswhere and are the upper and lower transmission line’s characteristic impedance, respectively; and are the upper and lower transmission line’s electrical length, respectively; is the angular frequency (); is capacitance of the embedded capacitor.
As to the network shown in Figure 2(b), the -matrix can be given ashere, and represent the characteristic impedance and electrical length of the two symmetrical open-circuited transmission lines.
Then the total -matrix in Figure 1 can be given by
Analyzing the proposed structure in Figure 1, we introduce an equivalent -circuit model displayed in Figure 3, where and are the equivalent inductance and stray capacitance of the single upper transmission line, respectively. and represent the equivalent capacitance of the embedded capacitor and two lower transmission lines, respectively. Finally, is found as the equivalent capacitance of the two open-circuited transmission lines jointed at two ends. Thus the overall structure can be equivalent as a -circuit model. Furthermore, the parameters of the proposed equivalent -circuit can be described as
Obviously, the proposed structure behaves quasielliptic low-pass filtering characteristics. By using the classic method at the cut-off frequency, the prototype element values in Figure 3 can be synthesized and then the physical dimensions of the proposed structure can also be obtained. To confirm the validity of the presented equivalent model and corresponding synthesis method, a low-pass filter using the proposed structure is designed to provide a 0.1 dB equal-ripple Chebyshev response. The optimized parameters of the proposed structure are , , and ; °, ° at 2 GHz, and ° at 1 GHz; pF. Both the ideal response and the response of the synthesized circuit are shown in Figure 4. And to compare the proposed structure and the conventional LPF, the response of the conventional stepped-impedance LPF is also displayed in Figure 4. Good agreement can be observed, indicating the feasibility of the proposed structure and the synthesis method.
As evidently illustrated in Figure 4, multiple transmission zeros appear on the response of the proposed structure. With the help of the four transmission zeros, the proposed structure exhibits much higher selectivity and much wider stopband than the conventional stepped-impedance LPF.
The transmission zeros of the proposed structure are located at the frequency where . From the relationship between the admittance matrices and scattering matrices, the scattering matrices of the total network can be given bywhere is the characteristic admittance of the input port and the output port.
Then by setting or , can be obtained and the frequency of the finite transmission zeros should satisfy either of the following equations:
Apparently, the transmission zeros come from the counteraction of the two signal paths in Figure 2(a) and the series resonance of the bilateral two open stubs in Figure 2(b). Besides, the two transmission zero generation mechanisms are mutually independent, which provide great flexibility for filter analysis and design.
Firstly, the structure in Figure 2(a) has a similar topology to the filter in [10]. In fact, the structure in Figure 2(a) will be deformed to the filter in [10] when . As illustrated in [10], a larger parallel capacitor creates larger transmission zero separations. And it can be deduced from (5c) that the introduction of the bilateral transmission line ( Ω, ° at 2 GHz) will largely magnify the capacitance of . As a result, the proposed structure can generate two transmission zeros with much wider zero separation and thus ensure a wider rejection band. Besides, the introduction of a larger parallel capacitor can not only lower the filter’s cut-off frequency but also enhance the selectivity considerably. Furthermore, a larger parallel capacitor indicates a more remarkable size reduction of the upper line’s electrical length, meaning that the whole circuit can be further minimized.
As for the structure in Figure 2(b), based on the two generated transmission zeros derived from (7), another two transmission zeros and can be obtained when and , which makes GHz; hence the overall frequency response with four transmission zeros is realized. Besides, the locations of and can be shifted flexibly and easily by altering the electrical length of the two symmetrical open-circuited lines depending on the designed goal. Evidently, when the locations of and have been predetermined, the locations of and have a significant influence on the filter’s overall frequency responses. Different transmission zero’s locations will lead to different frequency responses. Then select an appropriate and let the locate before while the locate behind the ; to do so, the roll-off rate will be significantly upgraded as the result of the effect of ; meanwhile, the stopband bandwidth will extend to the upper side and create wider stopband owing to the impact of . Therefore, as obviously depicted in Figure 5, the proposed low-pass filter with two symmetrical open-circuited lines ensures a wider stopband, sharper roll-off rate, and deeper rejection level. Apart from these interesting characteristics, the open-circuited lines hardly brings about influence to passband frequency response meaning that it is convenient for further design and adjustment. Furthermore, the introduced open-circuited transmission lines can be folded easily so as to contribute to the miniaturization of the whole circuit, thereby achieving a balance between the excellent performance and the compact size.
3. Fabrication and Measurements
Based on the above-discussed attractive features, a prototype LPF having of 0.63 GHz and a wide 20 dB stopband extended up to is implemented on a substrate with thickness of 0.5 mm and relative dielectric constant of 2.65 and loss tangent of 0.02. The physical dimensions along with the photograph of the proposed LPF are demonstrated in Figures 6(a) and 6(b). The parameters of the proposed structure are arranged as follows: mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, mm, and pF which are achieved by using the MURATA patch capacitors with the size of 1.6 mm × 0.8 mm. Meandered lines are adapted to achieve a very compact area. The Ansoft software High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is used for the microstrip line simulations while the Agilent 8510C vector network analyzer is applied for the corresponding measurements.
(a)
(b)
Figure 7 shows an excellent agreement between the measured and simulated frequency responses; the measured 3 dB cut-off frequency is 0.63 GHz and the passband insertion loss including the SMA connector loss is within 0.5 dB up to 0.54 GHz, while the return loss is better than 12 dB up to 0.31 GHz. The measured four transmission zeros are located at 1.1 GHz (with a suppression of 59.15 dB), 1.76 GHz (with a suppression of 41.45 dB), 2.75 GHz (with a suppression of 79.42 dB), and 3.1 GHz (with a suppression of 45.6 dB), respectively. With the aid of these transmission zeros, the measured 20 dB rejection stopband extends from 0.85 GHz to 3.13 GHz, forming a very wide attenuation band with the 20 dB rejection bandwidth up to . Moreover, these deep rejection transmission zeros also create a sharp transition for the filter; thus the proposed LPF exhibits an incredible roll-off rate of 109.3 dB/GHz (measured attenuations being 3 dB and 50 dB at 0.63 GHz and 1.06 GHz, resp.). In addition, the central circuit (without the consideration of the 50 Ω feed line) occupies a really compact size of 26.9 mm × 15.7 mm, corresponding to (), where is the guided wavelength of a 50 Ω transmission line at the cut-off frequency 0.63 GHz.
A comparison of the proposed LPF with other reported compact sharp roll-off LPFs is provided in Table 1. Compared with the LPFs in the table, the proposed low-pass filter behaves a wide stopband and rather steep roll-off rate. Furthermore, the size of the proposed LPF is the smallest among the LPFs in Table 1, indicating that it is a good candidate to satisfy the requirement of miniaturization.
4. Conclusions
The design of a compact sharp roll-off low-pass filter based on the novel structure is presented in this paper. It is analyzed in theory that the proposed structure can produce four adjustable transmission zeros by changing the parameters of the circuit to obtain the wanted LPF. Applying the analysis method, a prototype LPF is designed, fabricated, and tested. Measured results agree well with the theoretical predictions and demonstrate its incredible features: sharp roll-off rate, wide stopband, and very compact size. With all these charming characteristics, the proposed LPF is very applicable in the modern communication system.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the program for Zhejiang leading team of science and technology innovation (2011R50004), the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61101052 and 521 talent project of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University.