The Challenges Confronting Public Hospitals in India, Their Origins, and Possible Solutions

Table 8

Out of pocket (OOP) expenditure as a % of total household expenditure and impoverishment due to OOP.

Year	Mean OOP as % of total HH expenditure	Mean OOP as % of total HH expenditure by expenditure quintile					% HH having catastrophic expenditure at OOP expenditure >10% of total HH expenditure	People impoverished due to OOP
		Poorest	2nd poorest	Middle	2nd richest	Richest
1993-94	4.39	3.25	4.19	4.68	5.23	5.45	15.12%	4.0%
2004-05	5.51	4.00	5.01	5.92	6.69	7.09	17.25%	4.4%

Source: Ghosh S., 2010 [5]. Note: the cross-sectional data taken by the author are taken from the fiftieth (1993-94) and sixty-first (2005) rounds of national and state representative surveys on “consumption expenditure,” collected by the National Sample Survey Organization, India.