Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Binge Drinking and Drunkenness in Middle-Aged Finnish Men
Table 4
Questionnaire-based childhood data. Odds ratios (OR) for the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and binge drinking and drunkenness in the KIHD study ().
OR (95% CI)
Spirits β₯ 31βcL/session
Beer β₯ 6 bottles/session
Wine β₯ 51βcL/session
Fortified wine β₯ 38βcL/session
Bingeing with any beverage/session
Being drunk β₯ 1 times/week
Category of adverse childhood experiences (ACE), adjusted for
Model 1
βParents alcohol problem
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.49 (1.05β2.12)
2. 23 (1.20β4.16)
2.46 (1.29β4.69)
1.53 (0.87β2.70)
1.54 (1.11β2.13)
1.29 (0.78β2.13)
βParental death
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.07 (0.79β1.46)
0.75 (0.35β1.58)
1.12 (0.56β2.23)
1.32 (0.80β2.18)
1.05 (0.80β1.40)
0.80 (0.49β1.30)
βParentβs divorce
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.10 (0.50β2.42)
0.67 (0.09β4.99)
1.25 (0.29β5.46)
1.07 (0.36β3.15)
1.27 (0.63β2.56)
2.04 (0.84β4.93)
βPoor parenting
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.46 (1.13β1.88)
1.40 (0.83β2.35)
1.48 (0.86β2.52)
1.04 (0.66β1.64)
1.48 (1.17β1.87)
1.38 (0.96β1.97)
βQuarrelsome home
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.76 (1.24β2.49)
1.12 (0.50β2.48)
1.98 (0.98β4.02)
1.34 (0.73β2.45)
1.64 (1.18β2.28)
1.19 (0.70β2.01)
βUnhappy childhood
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.73 (1.21β2.49)
1.47 (0.66β3.28)
1.43 (0.60β3.44)
1.13 (0.56β2.27)
1.65 (1.17β2.33)
1.22 (0.70β2.13)
βACE score
ββ0 (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββ1
1.56 (1.06β2.29)
3.24 (1.15β9.11)
1.92 (0.79β4.67)
1.89 (0.97β3.68)
1.56 (1.10β2.20)
1.38 (0.82β2.34)
ββ2
1.79 (1.19β2.68)
2.00 (0.65β6.15)
1.86 (0.72β4.83)
2.47 (1.24β4.92)
1.77 (1.23β2.54)
1.35 (0.76β2.38)
ββ3
2.57 (1.65β3.98)
4.02 (1.30β12.42)
4.35 (1.67β11.31)
2.24 (1.02β4.91)
2.49 (1.68β3.71)
1.81 (0.98β3.36)
*
Model 2
βParents alcohol problem
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.52 (1.06β2.16)
2.21 (1.18β4.11)
2.18 (1.14β4.16)
1.56 (0.87β2.78)
1.57 (1.13β2.19)
1.31 (0.79β2.18)
βParental death
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.02 (0.75β1.39)
0.74 (0.35β1.56)
1.13 (0.56β2.26)
1.13 (0.68β1.90)
1.02 (0.78β1.36)
0.78 (0.48β1.26)
βParentβs divorce
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.28 (0.57β2.85)
0.73 (0.10β5.45)
1.33 (0.30β5.87)
1.21 (0.40β3.71)
1.46 (0.71β3.00)
2.35 (0.96β5.76)
βPoor parenting
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.46 (1.13β1.89)
1.38 (0.82β2.34)
1.44 (0.84β2.47)
1.03 (0.65β1.66)
1.50 (1.18β1.91)
1.38 (0.65β1.01)
βQuarrelsome home
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.65 (1.15β2.35)
1.10 (0.49β2.44)
1.88 (0.92β3.86)
1.17 (0.63β2.19)
1.56 (1.11β2.18)
1.13 (0.66β1.91)
βUnhappy childhood
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.58 (1.09β2.29)
1.48 (0.66β3.31)
1.35 (0.56β3.27)
1.05 (0.51β2.15)
1.53 (1.08β2.18)
1.13 (0.65β1.98)
βACE score
ββ0 (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββ1
1.32 (0.89β1.96)
3.13 (1.11β8.83)
1.70 (0.70β4.16)
1.48 (0.75β2.95)
1.35 (0.95β1.92)
1.21 (0.72β2.06)
ββ2
1.44 (0.95β2.20)
1.84 (0.60β5.70)
1.68 (0.64β4.39)
1.81 (0.88β3.72)
1.50 (1.03β2.18)
1.17 (0.66β2.88)
ββ3
2.17 (1.38β3.42)
4.04 (1.30β12.55)
4.14 (1.57β10.95)
1.84 (0.80β4.22)
2.26 (1.50β3.42)
1.56 (0.83β2.91)
Model 3
βParents alcohol problem
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.52 (1.06β2.18)
2.14 (1.14β4.00)
2.24 (1.17β4.26)
1.45 (0.81β2.60)
1.56 (1.12β2.18)
1.26 (0.76β2.09)
βParental death
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.03 (0.76β1.40)
0.72 (0.34β1.51)
1.08 (0.54β2.16)
1.23 (0.74β2.06)
1.03 (0.77β1.37)
0.78 (0.48β1.26)
βParentβs divorce
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.14 (0.49β2.67)
0.77 (0.10β5.81)
1.39 (0.31β6.13)
1.30 (0.43β4.02)
1.36 (0.64β2.87)
2.33 (0.95β5.72)
βPoor parenting
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.49 (1.15β1.94)
1.40 (0.83β2.37)
1.46 (0.85β2.51)
1.05 (0.66β1.68)
1.52 (1.20β1.94)
1.40 (0.98β2.01)
βQuarrelsome home
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.76 (1.23β2.53)
1.10 (0.49β2.45)
1.86 (0.91β3.81)
1.33 (0.72β2.48)
1.65 (1.17β2.32)
1.19 (0.70β2.02)
βUnhappy childhood
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.67 (1.16β2.42)
1.36 (0.61β3.05)
1.29 (0.54β3.11)
1.02 (0.50β2.08)
1.57 (1.11β2.23)
1.14 (0.65β2.08)
βACE score
ββ0 (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββ1
1.35 (0.91β2.00)
3.05 (1.08β8.60)
1.70 (0.70β4.15)
1.81 (0.89β3.67)
1.42 (1.00β2.02)
1.30 (0.77β2.20)
ββ2
1.48 (0.97β2.25)
1.82 (0.59β5.63)
1.73 (0.66β4.50)
2.39 (1.14β5.00)
1.57 (1.08β2.30)
1.28 (0.72β2.26)
ββ3
2.32 (1.48β3.66)
3.80 (1.23β11.79)
3.94 (1.50β10.33)
2.27 (0.98β5.24)
2.43 (1.60β3.67)
1.68 (0.90β3.13)
Model 4
βParents alcohol problem
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.37 (0.89β2.10)
2.06 (1.04β4.09)
2.30 (1.11β4.77)
1.31 (0.68β2.55)
1.51 (1.00β2.26)
0.88 (0.44β1.75)
βParental death
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.09 (0.76β1.57)
0.73 (0.33β1.63)
1.20 (0.56β2.64)
1.28 (0.72β2.29)
1.09 (0.78β1.54)
0.68 (0.35β1.31)
βParentβs divorce
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
0.91 (0.32β2.59)
0.85 (0.11β6.68)
0.68 (0.08β5.51)
0.67 (0.15β2.89)
0.97 (0.37β2.51)
2.52 (0.81β7.86)
βPoor parenting
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.34 (0.98β1.82)
1.27 (0.72β2.26)
1.65 (0.91β2.99)
1.04 (0.62β1.76)
1.46 (1.09β1.94)
1.13 (0.70β1.83)
βQuarrelsome home
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
2.17 (1.44β3.27)
1.26 (1.44β3.27)
2.97 (1.39β6.34)
1.93 (0.99β3.75)
1.99 (1.34β2.96)
1.42 (0.73β2.77)
βUnhappy childhood
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
2.00 (1.32β3.05)
1.56 (0.66β3.69)
1.55 (0.59β4.06)
0.98 (0.43β2.22)
1.78 (1.18β2.67)
1.42 (0.70β2.86)
βACE score
ββ0 (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββ1
1.80 (1.14β2.86)
2.85 (0.98β8.27)
2.84 (0.94β8.60)
1.80 (0.87β3.70)
1.93 (1.26β2.96)
1.18 (0.63β2.20)
ββ2
1.70 (1.04β2.80)
1.62 (0.51β5.21)
2.45 (0.75β7.94)
2.15 (1.00β4.61)
1.87 (1.18β2.96)
0.82 (0.40β1.66)
ββ3
3.43 (2.02β5.83)
3.85 (1.19β12.46)
7.91 (2.42β25.82)
2.31 (0.94β5.67)
3.72 (2.27β6.12)
1.70 (0.80β3.63)
Model 5
βParents alcohol problem
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.36 (0.87β2.11)
2.04 (1.03β4.03)
2.12 (1.03β4.36)
1.32 (0.67β2.60)
1.50 (1.00β2.28)
0.87 (0.43β1.75)
βParental death
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.02 (0.70β1.49)
0.72 (0.32β1.60)
1.13 (0.52β2.44)
1.10 (0.60β1.99)
1.05 (0.74β1.48)
0.64 (0.34β1.23)
βParentβs divorce
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.16 (0.37β3.65)
0.87 (0.11β6.92)
0.70 (0.08β6.11)
0.70 (0.15β3.54)
1.30 (0.47β3.59)
2.57 (0.77β8.54)
βPoor parenting
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.36 (0.99β1.88)
1.28 (0.72β2.28)
1.62 (0.89β2.95)
1.03 (0.60β1.77)
1.51 (1.12β2.03)
1.11 (0.68β1.80)
βQuarrelsome home
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.99 (1.29β3.07)
1.26 (0.54β2.93)
2.61 (1.20β5.69)
1.66 (0.83β3.34)
1.88 (1.24β2.85)
1.28 (0.65β2.52)
βUnhappy childhood
ββNo (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββYes
1.80 (1.17β2.77)
1.51 (0.64β3.61)
1.40 (0.53β3.72)
0.84 (0.36β1.95)
1.60 (1.05β2.43)
1.27 (0.62β2.58)
βACE score
ββ0 (referent)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
ββ1
1.36 (0.85β2.18)
2.74 (0.95β7.93)
2.30 (0.77β6.93)
1.61 (0.74β3.49)
1.64 (1.05β2.55)
1.02 (0.55β1.92)
ββ2
1.18 (0.71β1.98)
1.48 (0.46β4.78)
1.93 (0.59β6.29)
1.66 (0.73β3.78)
1.49 (0.92β2.41)
0.65 (0.31β1.33)
ββ3
2.57 (1.49β4.43)
3.62 (1.12β11.73)
5.98 (1.83β19.50)
1.83 (0.71β4.71)
3.14 (1.88β5.26)
1.35 (0.62β2.92)
*Test for trend for ACE score categories (0, 1, 2, 3). Model 1: adjusted for age, examination year. Model 2: the same as model 1 and childhood socioeconomic position, education. Model 3: the same as model 1 and adulthood socioeconomic position (income level, occupation). Model 4: the same as model 1 and behavioural factors in adulthood (body mass index, leisure time physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption). Model 5: the same as model 2 and adulthood socioeconomic position, and behavioural factors in adulthood.