Attenuation of Carcinogenesis and the Mechanism Underlying by the Influence of Indole-3-carbinol and Its Metabolite 3,3′-Diindolylmethane: A Therapeutic Marvel

Table 1

Modulation of genes involved in various mechanisms by the influence of I3C and DIM.

Mechanisms involved	Upregulated genes (↑) modulated by I3C and DIM	Downregulated genes (↓) modulated by I3C and DIM	References
Apoptosis	JNK/SAPK and Bax	Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, surviving, and NF-𝜅B	[14–16]
Xenobiotic metabolism	CYP, CYP 1A1, CYP 1A2, and CYP 1B1	—	[17]
Antioxidant	GSH and GST	—	[4]
Transcription factor	Nrf2 and ATF3	NF-𝜅B and STAT3	[4, 18]
Cell cycle	p21 WAF1, and p27 KIP1	Cyclin D1, E, CDK2, and CDK6	[19]
Inflammation	NAG-1	NF-𝜅B and MMP-9	[16, 20]
Angiogenesis	VEGF, IL-6, and MMP-9	—	[21]