|
| Drug combinations | Outcome |
|
| GEF + three different platinum-derived compounds (cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin), two taxanes (docetaxel and paclitaxel), topoisomerase I inhibitor (topotecan), a thymidylate synthase inhibitor (raltitrexed), and two topoisomerase II inhibitors (etoposide and doxorubicin) [147] | Drug combinations against ZR-75-1 and MCF-10A ras show a dose-dependent supra-additive rise in inhibition of growth. GEF was cytostatic, but at higher doses and in combination with cytotoxic drugs, it augmented apoptosis. |
|
| GEF + (docetaxel, paclitaxel, or IDN 5109) [5] | GEF could restore sensitivity to taxanes (docetaxel, paclitaxel, or IDN 5109) in the MCF-7 ADR/bcl-2-overexpressing cell line and demonstrated a dose-dependent growth inhibition |
|
| GEF and herceptin, an anti-EGFR-2 humanized antibody | Combination therapy showed a frankly synergistic anticancer action in vitro and in vivo [9] |
| Combination resulted in curtailing of the survival signal upregulated by EGFR signaling in EGFR-positive, HER2-overexpressing human breast tumor cells. GEF showed synergistic effects against SK-BR-3 and BT-474 cells [97]. |
|
| GEF combined with either tamoxifen or Faslodex (ER downregulator) [172] | Synergistically enhance apoptosis and impede the cellular proliferation of the hormone-responsive MCF-7 cell line |
|
| GEF with tamoxifen [173] | MCF-7/HER2-18 cells showed elimination of crosstalk between the ER and HER2 signaling pathways |
|
| Phase II randomized, double-blinded clinical trials with 290 patients involved the combination of tamoxifen (20 mg/day per os) + GEF (250 mg/day per os) [174] | Resulted in adverse effects most common for the GEF drug, and the progression-free survival (PFS) median was 10.9 months in the group of women with newly diagnosed metastases or those who had recurred for a year or more after stopping adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen |
|
| A phase II clinical double-blinded multicentric trial on postmenopausal women with ER and/or PR+ with anastrozole (1 mg/day per os) + GEF (250 mg/day po) [140] | Resulted in some positive results with longer PFS for combination therapy compared to the patients receiving anastrozole or placebo |
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