Abstract
Lightweight sound insulation materials have received much attention. In this study, a series of superfine metal powder (SFM)/nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR)-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microcellular foaming materials were prepared with NBR-PVC as matrix and SFM as modifiers by employing the method of molding foaming. Analysis on the morphology of cross section, pore size, and pore distribution possessed by SFM/NBR-PVC was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as the image processing software of Image-Pro. Then detailed discussion on the effect of SFM with different mass fractions in the matrix on the foaming quality was provided. In the meanwhile, the performance of sound insulation was tested by four-channel impedance tube system. The results show significant improvement for foaming quality and sound insulation performance of NBR-PVC microcellular foaming material through the addition of SFM. In comparison with the pure NBR-PVC materials, the microcellular foaming material exhibits the best performance of foaming quality and sound insulation when the SFM content in matrix is 30 wt%. It is shown that the average pore diameter and the foaming capacity decrease by 60% and 31%, respectively, while the surface density increases by 131%. In the meantime, the sound insulation index of SFM/NBR-PVC microcellular material increases by 7.2 dB to 30.5 dB, which conforms to the requirements of new lightweight sound insulation materials in modern time. Finally, the mechanism of the optimization conducted for sound insulation performance after the addition of SMF is explained.
1. Introduction
It is widely acknowledged that the quiet and comfortable environment is a basic demand of human living, but the problem of noise pollution is getting increasingly worse along with the rapid development of modern industry [1–3]. The traditional devices adopted for soundproofing are mostly inorganic or metallic materials, which usually have shortcomings such as high density and poor performance of processing, limiting the widespread use [4–6]. Organic materials offer a precious opportunity for the development of light and soft sound insulation materials; however, homogeneous materials used for sound insulation follow the law of mass. Then, how to improve the performance of sound insulation shown by low-density organic materials is the key to its practicability, which as a result has attracted the attention of many researchers. At present, two main ways are available for improving the sound insulation performance of organic materials. The first way is known as filler modification. Wang X carried out relevant studies on the effect of Mica on the sound insulation properties of PVC composites [7]. Ahmadi S discovered that inorganic nanosheet fillers, nanoclay, for instance, could result in the significant improvement of the sound insulation properties shown by composites [8]. Liang J analyzed the sound insulation behavior of inorganic particulate-filled polymer composites by means of acoustics theory in this article to reveal the mechanisms of sound insulation [9]. The second way is the employment of foaming. Teng Han designed a poly (vinyl chloride)-based composite material by alternating foam and membrane structure with the properties of good sound insulation [10]. Davoud J studied the processing, structural, and property relationships needed for highly expanded open-cell polycarbonate (PC) foams, and acoustic insulation, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties of the foams were characterized [11].
The introduction of organic particles will lead to the heavier weight of polymer consequently. However, the polymer microcellular foaming material exhibits advantages in the aspects of low density and excellent processing performance [12, 13], as well as special porous structure, which can lead to the complicated propagation direction of the acoustic wave, prolong the path of propagation, and then reduce the strength of acoustic wave effectively. On the basis of excellent properties, the polymer microcellular foaming materials show great potential in the field of noise reduction [14–16]. At present, it is quite difficult for the sound insulation performance reflected by the traditional microcellular foaming material to satisfy the demands of practical applications because of the large pore size and distribution of wide pore. It is indicated by many reports that additives with microsize in the polymer materials, as the small-size effect, can improve the foaming quality (pore size, pore distribution, foaming capacity, etc.) significantly [17].
Nitrile-butadiene rubber/polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC) materials with outstanding integrated properties, such as cross-linked rubber elasticity and oil resistance derived from NBR, as well as the plasticity, weather resistance, and chemical corrosion shown by PVC, are expected to have brilliant application prospect [18, 19]. In this paper, a series of SFM/NBR-PVC composites were prepared, with NBR-PVC as the matrix and superfine metal powder (SFM) as additive. Then a detailed discussion was presented on the influence of the mass fraction of SFM on the micromorphology, foaming quality, and sound insulation performance. Finally, the mechanism adopted by the optimization of sound insulation performance after the addition of SMF was explained.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): White powder with a polymerization degree of 1000±150 and a density of 1.4 g·cm−3 was purchased from Shanghai Chlor-Alkali Chemical Co., Ltd.
Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR): The structural formula is shown in Figure 1. The brown-yellow solid with an acrylonitrile content of 33% and a density of 1 g·cm−3 was purchased from Ningbo Dehe Rubber Co., Ltd.
Dioctyl phthalate (DOP): Transparent viscous liquid with molecular formula C24H38O4 was purchased from Dongying Vejen Chemical Co., Ltd. Its function is primary plasticizer.
Stearic acid, CZ accelerator, and sublimed sulfur (S) were all of industrial grade. Their functions are separately mold-release agent, sulfur vulcanization accelerator, and rubber vulcanization.
Superfine metal powder (SFM): Gray powder with the micron-size particle and density of 7.16 g·cm−3 was purchased from Ganzhou Tianliao Nonferrous Metal Co., Ltd.
2.2. Preparation of Test Sample
In order to evaluate the influence of SFM on the sound insulation properties of NBR-PVC microfoaming materials, NBR-PVC with a rubber-plastic ratio of 70:30 was selected as the matrix, and the microfoaming material was prepared by the method of mold foaming. Table 1 shows the formulations of the samples. The sample preparation process can be divided into prevulcanization treatment, vulcanization treatment, and postvulcanization treatment.
Prevulcanization treatment: Firstly, PVC, SFM, etc. were put into the vacuum drying oven for 4h (temperature 60°C). Secondly, NBR, PVC, DOP, and stearic acid were weighed according to the mass ratio listed in Table 1 and then kneaded for 2 min in an open mixing mill (temperature of 160°C and speed of 20 r·min−1 shown in Figure 2(a)). Then, a modifier (SFM) was added and kneaded for 5 minutes. After being cooled to room temperature, sublimation sulfur, CZ accelerator, and AC foaming agent were added to the open mixing mill (temperature 60 C, speed 20 R min-1) according to the corresponding proportion, kneading for 5 minutes.
(a)
(b)
Vulcanization and chemical foaming treatment: The blend was kept at room temperature for 24 h, and then it was kneaded for 5 minutes in the open mixing mill (with the speed of 20 r·min−1 at room temperature). Then the blend was molded and chemically foamed on the vulcanizing press (with the temperature of 160°C and the pressure of 10 MPa shown in Figure 2(b)) for 15 minutes.
Posttreatment: The blend was take out after cooling down for 24 hours at room temperature. Finally, the blend obtained was cut into the proper sample according to requirement for testing.
2.3. Characterization and Testing
The bubble structure of microfoaming was observed by JSM7600F field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) produced by JEOL. After that, the SEM sample was imported into the image processing software of Image-Pro, the bubble size was processed statistically, and then the quantity of bubbles in each sample was counted as no less than 100. Afterwards, the apparent density of foaming material was measured based on the method stated in GB/T 6343-2009. Then, the foaming capacity and average pore size of microfoaming materials were calculated by employing formula (1) and formula (2), respectively.
where refers to the foaming capacity of foaming sample; indicates the density of foaming sample; and denotes the density of solid sample.
where refers to the average diameter of foaming material; indicates the bubble number of foaming material; denotes the -th bubble; and represents the diameter of the -th bubble.
The distribution of pore size refers to the percentage of pore size calculated according to the quantity or volume at different levels of pore sizes in materials. In this paper, the distribution of pore size is calculated based on the quantity of pore sizes at different levels.
Surface density refers to the mass obtained per unit area (g·cm−2). The surface density is calculated by the parameters of bulk density and thickness of material.
The four-channel impedance tube acoustic analyzer produced by BSWA Technology Co., Ltd. (BSSFMA), was employed for testing the performance shown by sound insulation of the sample according to GB/Z 27764-2011, which is shown in Figure 3. The sizes of the samples are listed as follows: the diameter of the tube is 100 mm and the diameter of the small tube is 29 mm. The range of the frequency measured is 80-6300 Hz (the frequency range of 80-4000 Hz is selected for analysis in this paper for the purpose of ensuring the reliability of the experimental data). Besides, analysis on the data obtained from the experiment is conducted by using VA-Lab 4 software. At least a total of 5 samples are measured in each group, and finally the test results are averaged.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Effect of SFM on Morphology Quality
Figure 4 shows the SEM images obtained from the SFM/NBR-PVC microcellular foaming material and SFM powder. It is shown in Figure 4(a) that the pore size is unevenly distributed in pure NBR-PVC microcellular foaming materials, and it is also observed that a lot of pores collapse and merge in some regions. After SFM modification, the pore structure experiences obvious changes. When the content of SFM is 10 wt%, the regions where there were collapse and merging of pores are improved greatly, and orientation is manifested, which could be ascribed to the heterogeneous nucleation caused directly by SFM additives. When SFM is added to the NBR-PVC matrix, the potential energy facilitating the nucleation of the pores could increase significantly, which as a result can promote the nucleation of the pores and then reduce the regions where there were collapse and merging of pores. When the content of SFM is insufficient, only a part of the pores can be created because of heterogeneous nucleation, which may consequently lead to the orientation of pores in certain region because of the uneven stress throughout the materials. When the SFM content is not enough, only part of pores is formed via heterogeneous nucleation, and it may result in pore orientation in the material under the influence of uneven stress. When the content of SFM increases to 30 wt%, no region would be identified with the phenomenon of pore collapse and merging. Actually, this result can be explained by the fact that the content of SFM can just ensure that the pores are formed via heterogeneous nucleation, and the disappearance of pore orientation can be seen as well in Figure 4(c). When the content of SFM is further increased to 40 wt%, the phenomenon of pore collapse and merging comes into existence again (Figure 4(d)), which is mainly caused by the excessive content of SFM and the tendency of agglomeration in the fine metal particles.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3.2. The Effect of SFM on Foaming Quality
It is obtained that the foaming quality can be reflected by some parameters such as pore distribution, average pore diameter, surface density, and foaming ratio. Table 2 shows the surface density, average pore diameter, and foaming ratio of the as-prepared foaming materials with different contents of SFM. Analysis on the pore size is carried out using the Image-Pro image processing software on the basis of SEM images, and the distribution of pores is displayed in Figure 5. On the whole, in comparison with the pure NBR-PVC material, as-prepared SFM/NBR-PVC materials have a smaller pore size and a narrower pore distribution. When the SFM content is 10 wt%, the pore size tends to be smaller, but the pore distribution is still relatively wide. When the SFM is 30 wt%, the foaming material shows the narrowest pore distribution with the value at the peak of 30 μm, and the pore size changes to be obviously smaller. Moreover, when the SFM content is further increased to 40 wt%, oppositely, the pore size tends to be larger and the pore distribution tends to be wider in comparison with these of the as-prepared foaming material which contains 30 wt% SFM. As shown in Table 2, it can be obviously seen that the surface density of SFM/NBR-PVC materials shows a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of SFM content, but the corresponding foaming capacity shows an opposite trend. However, when the SFM content is 30 wt%, the SFM/NBR-PVC material shows the highest surface density, 0.360 g·cm−2. In comparison with the pure NBR-PVC material, the surface density increases by 131%, and the foaming capacity is 60% of that of the pure NBR-PVC material. It is quite obvious that the foaming quality of NBR-PVC material improves significantly after the introduction of SFM modifier, and the foaming quality shows the best performance when the percentage of SFM is 30 wt% in the matrix.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3.3. The Sound Insulation Performance of SFM/NBR-PVC Materials
Figure 6 shows the sound insulation performance spectrum (Figure 6(a)) and sound insulation index of both as-prepared NBR-PVC and SFM/NBR-PVC materials. It can be observed that the changing trends of sound insulation along with frequency are the same for all foaming materials, as shown in Figure 6(a). Moreover, the performance of sound insulation during all the testing frequencies increases significantly after the modification of SFM. Figure 6(b) exhibits the sound insulation index of each sample. In addition, the sound insulation index is improved as well. In terms of the pure NBR-PVC material, the sound insulation index obtained is 23.3 dB. After that, the sound insulation index is improved by 3.6 dB, 5.4 dB, 7.2 dB, and 6.2 dB, respectively, when the content of SFM in the matrix is 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, and 40 wt%. It is indicated by these results that the performance of sound insulation is improved obviously because of the addition of SFM modifier, and the optimal content gained is 30 wt%.
(a)
(b)
3.4. Analysis on the Sound Insulation Mechanism of SFM/NBR-PVC Microfoaming Material
The sound insulation mechanism of microcellular foaming materials is much more complicated than that of traditional solid sheet. Figures 7(a) and 7(b) show the mechanism reflected by the sound insulation of pure NBR-PVC material and SFM/NBR-PVC material, respectively.
(a)
(b)
After the employment of SFM modifier, the performance of sound insulation shown by NBR-PVC microcellular material is improved significantly, which may be caused by the more complex mechanism of sound insulation for SFM/NBR-PVC materials. Firstly, the pore size obtained becomes smaller and the number of pores decreases after the addition of SFM, and the number of pore/air interfaces increases as well, which as a result can improve the amount of reflection and scattering of acoustic waves [20]. Moreover, the propagation route of acoustic waves in SFM/NBR-PVC tends to be complicated and the propagation path is lengthened as well, which thereby increases the attenuation of acoustic wave. More than that, the SFM modifier also introduces SFM and NBR-PVC interfaces in large amount, and it enhances the reflection of acoustic waves due to the mismatch of the acoustic impedance for the two materials. Finally, the addition of SFM modifier helps increase the surface density of NBR-PVC microcellular foaming materials as well, which benefits the improvement of the sound insulation performance during the ranges of middle and high frequencies when it is influenced by the law of mass action.
On the basis of the above-mentioned analysis, the NBR-PVC material modified by SFM shows better performance of sound insulation, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect of various factors such as the distribution of cell size, impedance mismatch region, and material surface density.
In this paper, when the SFM content is 30 wt%, it is observed that the as-prepared SFM/NBR-PVC microcellular foaming material exhibits the best performance of sound insulation, and the index of sound insulation obtained reaches 30.5 dB, which is mainly caused by the fact that this material has the largest area of impedance mismatch, the narrowest pore distribution, and the largest surface density. When acoustic waves pass through the material, this results in the maximum amount of acoustic energy reflection, the minimum resonance, and the maximum sound insulation in the range of middle and high frequencies.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, lightweight SFM/NBR-PVC microcellular foaming materials with good performance of sound insulation were prepared by employing the method of mold foaming, and NBR-PVC was used as the matrix while SFM was employed as modifier. Then the detailed discussion was given on the influence imposed by the content of SFM modifier in the matrix on the morphology and performance of sound insulation. The results demonstrate the following:
The results obtained from morphology characterization show that SFM modification can significantly enhance the foaming quality of NBR-PVC microcellular foaming materials. In addition, when the content of SFM is 30 wt%, the microcellular foaming material shows that the narrowest pore distribution is obtained at the peak of 30 μm; the average pore size and foaming capacity decrease by 60% and 31%, respectively; and the surface density increases by 131%.
Performance of sound insulation obtained from testing results shows that the addition of SFM modifier obviously improves the performance of sound insulation shown by microcellular foaming materials. When the SFM mass fraction is 30%, this material shows the best performance of sound insulation.
In comparison with pure NBR-PVC materials, the index of sound insulation increases by 7.2 dB, reaching to 30.5 dB, which conforms well to the requirements of new lightweight sound insulation materials in modern time.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.