Recent Progress in Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels Application for Bone Regeneration

Table 1

The benefits and drawbacks of different types of responsive hydrogels in bone regeneration.

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels types	Benefits	Drawbacks	Reference
Temperature-responsive hydrogels	Capability of injection; heightened specificity with reduced toxicity; support and sustain’ health while decreasing the financial burden of their treatment	Unsatisfactory reactivity; little dissimilarity between diseased and healthy tissues	[37, 39, 40]
Redox-responsive hydrogels	Bone healing facilitated by redox-responsive drug release; the correlation between metal ions and mechanical properties of hydrogels	As the differentiation between diseased and healthy tissues is so slight, their use is constrained	[31, 42, 79]
Photo-responsive hydrogels	Very little risk of adverse effects on humans spatial and temporal regulation of medication release independent of physical contact with the lesion	Due to the inability of ultraviolet or visible light to permeate tissue, their use is restricted to in vitro systems and superficial skin treatments	[31, 53, 56]
Enzyme-responsive hydrogels	Cell proliferation and differentiation are facilitated by the release of biofactors, which are caused by structural changes and rapid breakdown in response to certain enzymes	Weak peptides activity and low half-life limit the long-term use	[31, 59, 60]
pH-responsive hydrogels	A problematic tissue, such as one with inflammation, infection, or cancer, will have a pH that is different from that of a healthy tissue	It’s possible that unfavorable tissue reactions could arise from clinically predicting pH value at sick regions	[62–64]
Magnetic-responsive hydrogels	Targeted treatment is possible through the use of magnetic fields in the environment to guide the transport of drugs in a diseased state in a certain direction	In some cases, living organisms could be harmed by the magnetic nanoparticles’ potential toxicity	[69, 71, 72]