Self-Healing Polymers Designed for Underwater Applications

Table 3

Intrinsic self-healing materials for underwater environment.

Mechanism	Polymer	Healing condition	Healing efficiency (%)	Mechanical properties	Ref.
Metal–ligand	Poly(dopamine acrylamide-co-n-butyl acrylate) (P(DA-co-BA))	RT, 72 hr	91	Tensile strength = 2.8 MPa	[92]
Metal–ligand	Poly(dopamineacrylamide-co-n-butyl acrylate) (P(DA-co-BA))	25°C; 72 hr	—	—	[93]
Metal–ligand	Methyl vinyl silicone rubber–2-isocyanatoethyl acrylate	RT, 84 hr	91	Tensile strength = 0.075 MPa	[5]
Metal–ligand	Polyurethane	RT, 24 hr	84.36	Tensile strength = 1.34 MPa	[39]
Metal–ligand	Poly(dopamine acrylamide-co-n-butyl acrylate)	RT, 24 hr	78	Tensile strength = 2 MPa	[94]
Metal–ligand	Hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPU)– dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA)	25°C; 72 hr	87.2	Tensile strength = 1.9 MPa	[95]
Van Der Waals	Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate)	RT, 360 hr	53	Tensile strength = 1.3 MPa	[38]
Van Der Waals	Poly(methyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate)	150 hr	92.8	Tensile strength = 2.6 MPa	[85]
Hydrogen bond	Acrylate-based butyl methacrylate (BMA), butyl acrylate (BA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)	80°C; 30 min	100	Modulus = 1.03 GPa	[91]
Hydrogen bond	PDMS–MPUx–IU1 − x	RT; 48 hr	78	Tensile strength = 1.3 MPa	[96]
Disulfide	Polyurea-urethane	60°C; 2 hr25°C; 6 hr	98.182.1	Tensile strength = 0.185 MPa	[97]
Boronic ester	Epoxy-boroxine	80°C; 12 hr	79.46	Tensile strength = 37.23 MPa	[90]
Imine bond	PDMS-MDI-TFB	RT; 1 hr	95	Tensile strength = 0.75 MPa	[98]