Review Article
Self-Healing Polymers Designed for Underwater Applications
Table 3
Intrinsic self-healing materials for underwater environment.
| Mechanism | Polymer | Healing condition | Healing efficiency (%) | Mechanical properties | Ref. |
| Metal–ligand | Poly(dopamine acrylamide-co-n-butyl acrylate) (P(DA-co-BA)) | RT, 72 hr | 91 | Tensile strength = 2.8 MPa | [92] | Metal–ligand | Poly(dopamineacrylamide-co-n-butyl acrylate) (P(DA-co-BA)) | 25°C; 72 hr | — | — | [93] | Metal–ligand | Methyl vinyl silicone rubber–2-isocyanatoethyl acrylate | RT, 84 hr | 91 | Tensile strength = 0.075 MPa | [5] | Metal–ligand | Polyurethane | RT, 24 hr | 84.36 | Tensile strength = 1.34 MPa | [39] | Metal–ligand | Poly(dopamine acrylamide-co-n-butyl acrylate) | RT, 24 hr | 78 | Tensile strength = 2 MPa | [94] | Metal–ligand | Hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPU)– dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) | 25°C; 72 hr | 87.2 | Tensile strength = 1.9 MPa | [95] | Van Der Waals | Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate) | RT, 360 hr | 53 | Tensile strength = 1.3 MPa | [38] | Van Der Waals | Poly(methyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate) | 150 hr | 92.8 | Tensile strength = 2.6 MPa | [85] | Hydrogen bond | Acrylate-based butyl methacrylate (BMA), butyl acrylate (BA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) | 80°C; 30 min | 100 | Modulus = 1.03 GPa | [91] | Hydrogen bond | PDMS–MPUx–IU1 − x | RT; 48 hr | 78 | Tensile strength = 1.3 MPa | [96] | Disulfide | Polyurea-urethane | 60°C; 2 hr25°C; 6 hr | 98.182.1 | Tensile strength = 0.185 MPa | [97] | Boronic ester | Epoxy-boroxine | 80°C; 12 hr | 79.46 | Tensile strength = 37.23 MPa | [90] | Imine bond | PDMS-MDI-TFB | RT; 1 hr | 95 | Tensile strength = 0.75 MPa | [98] |
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