Scapulothoracic Anatomy and Snapping Scapula Syndrome

Table 1

The Seventeen Periscapular muscles.

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Innervation
Serratus anterior	Thoracolumbar fascia, spines of vertebrae T11-T12 and L1-L2	Ribs 9–12, lateral to the angles	Long thoracic nerve
Supraspinatus	Supraspinatus fossa	Greater tubercle of the humerus (highest facet)	Suprascapular nerve
Subscapularis	Medial two-thirds of the costal surface of the scapula (subscapular fossa)	Lesser tubercle of the humerus	Upper and lower subscapular nerves
Trapezius	Medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7–T12	Lateral third of the clavicle, medial side of the acromion, and the upper crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine	Spinal accessory nerve
Teres major	Dorsal surface of the inferior angle of the scapula	Crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus	Lower subscapular nerve
Teres minor	Upper 2/3 of the lateral border of the scapula	Greater tubercle of the humerus (lowest facet)	Axillary nerve
Triceps brachii long head	Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula	Olecranon process of the ulna	Radial nerve
Biceps brachii	Short head: tip of the coracoid process of the scapula; long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula	Tuberosity of the radius	Musculocutaneous nerve
Rhomboid major	Spines of vertebrae T2–T5	Medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula	Dorsal scapular nerve
Rhomboid minor	Inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1	Medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula	Dorsal scapular nerve
Coracobrachialis	Coracoid process of the scapula	Medial aspect of midshaft of humerus	Musculocutaneous nerve
Omohyoid (inferior belly)	Upper border of scapula	Hyoid bone	Ansa cervicalis
Latissimus dorsi	Vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula	Floor of the intertubercular groove	Thoracodorsal nerve
Deltoid	Lateral one-third of the clavicle, acromion, the lower lip of the crest of the spine of the scapula	Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus	Axillary nerve
Levator scapulae	Transverse processes of C1–C4 vertebrae	Medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine	Dorsal scapular nerve
Infraspinatus	Infraspinatus fossa	Greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet)	Suprascapular nerve
Pectoralis minor	Ribs 3–5	Coracoid process	Medial pectoral nerve