Preoperative Assessment of Adult Patients for Intracranial Surgery

Table 4

Systemic effects of Parkinson’s disease.

System	Clinical signs/symptoms	Relevant investigations
Central nervous system	Muscle rigidity, Tremors, Depression, Hallucination, Akinesia	Neurological assessment Psychological assessment
Autonomic nervous system	Difficulty or alteration in salivation, Gastrointestinal function, Temperature regulation, Seborrhoea	Gastrointestinal studies
Cardiovascular system	Hypertension, Arrhythmias, Orthostatic hypotension	Electrocardiogram, Echocardiogram
Respiratory system	Retained secretions, Atelectasis, Respiratory Infections, Aspiration Pneumonia	Chest radiograph, Arterial blood gases, Spirometry, Pulmonary function test
Gastrointestinal system	Dysphagia, Sialorrhoea, Esophageal dysfunction, Weight loss	Serum albumin, electrolytes, creatinine
Endocrine system	Altered glucose metabolism	Blood glucose level