Interactive Effects of Morphine on HIV Infection: Role in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder
Figure 3
Morphine enhances the expression of CCR2b, CCR5, and CCR3 genes in human astrocytes (a). Astrocyte cultures were treated with different concentrations of morphine for 48 h and the relative expression of the mRNA was determined by real-time PCR. Morphine significantly upregulated p38 MAPK and downregulated CREB gene (b) and protein expression in astrocytes (c). This figure is reproduced from Clinical Immunology, 115: 323-32, Mahajan et al. [49, 84]. Morphine modulates chemokine gene regulation in normal human astrocytes. Copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier.
