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| Indication and mechanism | Immunogen, adjuvant, and delivery mode |
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HIV-1, HPV
Stimulation of humoral and cellular immune response | DNA systemic (IM); subunit mucosal (intranasal, sublingual, and vaginal), CM cellulose (mucoadhesive) |
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HIV-1, HSV-2, and HPV
Targeted induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (systemic) | Synthesized and chemically modified peptide; Advax adjuvant; injected liquid
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HSV, HPV, and HIV
Maintain protective concentrations of cervicovaginal antibodies and/or detectable pathogen specific T-cells | Intravaginal tampon delivery of a nanoemulsion vaccine containing recombinant HSV-2 glycoprotein D and recombinant HPV 16 and 18 L1 protein and HIV glycoprotein 120 |
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HSV, HIV
Sustained protective levels of antibody and cell-mediated immunity | Subunit trimeric gp140 and HSV gD; versatile adjuvant system (PLA-NPs), systemic liquid formulation, and mucoadhesive gel carrying both antigens and immunostimulatory molecules to the same dendritic cell (prevents systemic inflammatory responses) |
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HPV, HBV
Systemic and mucosal neutralizing antibodies | Virus-like particle (VLP) subunits, MPL or aloe-derivative adjuvant, nasal prime/boost (systemic prime/nasal boost) |
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HSV, HIV, and HPV
Systemic and mucosal immune responses | DNA or subunit prime with HPV VLPs, gD, gp120 (intramuscular); lactococcus cocktail expressing gD, HPV E6/E7, HIV gag for mucosal boost (tablet) |
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| HPV, sperm (immunocontraceptive can be provided separately); antibodies in fallopian tubes and in cervicovaginal mucus plus systemic antibodies and cell-mediated immunity | Salmonella vectored subunits: (a) L1 capsomeres (possibly with L2 peptide), (b) cocktail of sperm antigens; oral tablet |
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| HIV, HSV | Codelivery of immunogens (trimeric gp140 boosts following DNA prime), and microbicides (1% tenofovir or dapivirine) via an intravaginal ring. Mucosal adjuvant is R848 (a TLR 7/8 agonist) to sustain mucosal memory |
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| Dual-purpose HPV (multiple types) vaccine plus griffithsin microbicide (HIV, HSV) | L2 epitope fusion with griffithsin (immunogen/adjuvant); intravaginal ring (or PVA film) for burst release of HPV vaccine (L2-griffithsin fusion protein) and sustained release of griffithsin as a microbicide |
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HSV, HIV
Systemic and mucosal protective concentrations of neutralizing antibodies | gD/Fc fusion protein, gp41 anti-idiotype; nasal prime delivered with dry inhaler; cervicovaginal boost delivered as film; FcRn-mediated transport across epithelium
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