The development of diagnostic and therapeutic advances has transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease. While these benefits are available in resource-rich countries (RRCs), global efforts are underway to provide antiretroviral access to the millions of HIV-infected individuals in resource-limited countries (RLCs). Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) achieves viral suppression in many adherent patients. Appreciation of ongoing low-level viremia during cART, latent reservoirs of integrated viral DNA, and chronic inflammation has led to new efforts to augment suppression, purge latent viral reservoirs, and reduce microbial translocation and end-organ disease. The presence of coinfections with tuberculosis, malaria, and viral hepatitis (HCV and HBV), as well as cancer, creates important pharmacologic challenges including drug interactions, toxicity monitoring, and pharmacogenomic testing.

The requirement for medications for coinfections and noninfectious comorbidities contributes to the challenge of conducting rapid, efficient, and cost-effective clinical pharmacology research. New research areas in preexposure prevention, pediatric cART, and microbicides also include clinical pharmacology. This research agenda may best be facilitated through a global, translational pharmacology research effort among academic, industrial, regulatory, and community partnerships. The need for human and laboratory capacity building with a comprehensive quality assurance program is significant and should be integrated with research planning and implementation. This approach is likely to accelerate the use of new treatments in countries that are most impacted by HIV and other infectious diseases within the global community. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

• Recent advances in antiretroviral therapy
• Fixed-dose combinations for cART
• Bioequivalence testing of generic ARTs
• Drug interactions
• Therapeutic drug monitoring
• Traditional medicine use with cART
• Gender, ethnicity, and ARV pharmacokinetics
• Formulation strategies to maximize ART availability
• Nanotechnology and translational research for cART
• Advances in the treatment of HCV and HBV in HIV-infected individuals
• Advances in the treatment of TB in HIV-infected individuals
• Advances in the treatment of malaria in HIV-infected individuals
• Pharmacogenomic applications in cART
• HIV reservoirs and cARV biodistribution
• Treatment of cancer in HIV-infected individuals

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