Code cloning is a part of many commercial and open source development products. Multiple methods for detecting code clones have been developed and finding the clones is often used in modern quality assurance tools in industry. There is no consensus whether the detected clones are negative for the product and therefore the detected clones are often left unmanaged in the product code base. In this paper we investigate how obstructive code clones of Type I (duplicated exact code fragments) are in large software systems from the perspective of the quality of the product after the release. We conduct a case study at Ericsson and three of its large products, which handle mobile data traffic. We show how to use automated analogy-based classification to decrease the classification effort required to determine whether a clone pair should be refactored or remain untouched. The automated method allows classifying 96&#x25; of Type I clones (both algorithms and data declarations) leaving the remaining 4&#x25; for the manual classification. The results show that cloning is common in the studied commercial software, but that only 1&#x25; of these clones are potentially obstructive and can jeopardize the quality of the product if left unmanaged.

Miroslaw Staron

Wilhelm Meding

Peter Eriksson

Jimmy Nilsson

Nils L&#xf6;vgren

Per &#xd6;sterstr&#xf6;m

Classifying Obstructive and Nonobstructive Code Clones of Type I Using Simplified Classification Scheme: A Case Study

Technical debt (TD) is an emergent area that has stimulated academic concern. Managers must have information about debt in order to balance time-to-market advantages and issues of TD. In addition, managers must have information about TD to plan payments. Development tasks such as designing, coding, and testing generate different sorts of TD, each one with specific information. Moreover, literature review pointed out a gap in identifying and accurately cataloging technical debt. It is possible to find tools that can identify technical debt, but there is not a described solution that supports cataloging all types of debt. This paper presents an approach to create an integrated catalog of technical debts from different software development tasks. The approach allows tabulating and managing TD properties in order to support managers in the decision process. It also allows managers to track TD. The approach is implemented by TD-Tracker tool, which can integrate different TD identification tools and import identified debts. We present integrations between TD-Tracker and two external tools, used to identify potential technical debts. As part of the approach, we describe how to map the relationship between TD-Tracker and the external tools. We also show how to manage external information within TD-Tracker.

Lucas Borante Foganholi

Rog&#xe9;rio Eduardo Garcia

Danilo Medeiros Eler

Ronaldo Celso Messias Correia

Celso Olivete Junior

Supporting Technical Debt Cataloging with TD-Tracker Tool

The purpose of developing e-Government is to make public administrations more efficient and transparent and to allow citizens to more comfortably and effectively access information. Such benefits are even more important to people with a physical disability, allowing them to reduce waiting times in procedures and travel. However, it is not in widespread use among this group, as they not only harbor the same fears as other citizens, but also must cope with the barriers inherent to their disability. This research proposes a solution to help persons with disabilities access e-Government services. This work, in cooperation with the Spanish Federation of Spinal-Cord Injury Victims and the Severely Disabled, includes the development of a portal specially oriented towards people with disabilities to help them locate and access services offered by Spanish administrations. Use of the portal relies on digital authentication of users based on X.509, which are found in identity cards of Spanish citizens. However, an analysis of their use reveals that this feature constitutes a significant barrier to accessibility. This paper proposes a more accessible solution using a USB cryptographic token that can conceal from users all complexity entailed in access to certificate-based applications, while assuring the required security.

Boni Garc&#xed;a

Ana G&#xf3;mez

Rafael Conde

Yolanda Hern&#xe1;ndez

Miguel &#xc1;ngel Valero

Breaking the Web Barriers of the e-Administration Using an Accessible Digital Certificate Based on a Cryptographic Token

As computation schemes evolve and many new tools become available to programmers to enhance the performance of their applications, many programmers started
to look towards highly parallel platforms such as Graphical Processing Unit (GPU). Offloading computations that can take advantage of the architecture of the GPU
is a technique that has proven fruitful in recent years. This technology enhances the speed and responsiveness of applications. Also, as a side effect, it reduces the
power requirements for those applications and therefore extends portable devices battery life and helps computing clusters to run more power efficiently. 
Many performance analysis tools such as LTTng, strace and SystemTap already allow Central Processing Unit (CPU) tracing and help programmers to use CPU resources more efficiently. On the GPU side, different tools such as Nvidia’s Nsight, AMD’s CodeXL, and third party TAU and VampirTrace allow tracing Application Programming Interface (API) calls and OpenCL kernel execution. These tools are useful but are completely
separate, and none of them allow a unified CPU-GPU
tracing experience. We propose an extension to the existing scalable
and highly efficient LTTng tracing platform to allow
unified tracing of GPU along with CPU’s full tracing
capabilities.

David Couturier

Michel R. Dagenais

LTTng CLUST: A System-Wide Unified CPU and GPU Tracing Tool for OpenCL Applications

Efficient allocation of human resources to the development tasks comprising a software project is a key challenge in software project management. To address this critical issue, a systematic human resource evaluation and selection approach can be proven helpful. In this paper, a fuzzy linguistic approach is introduced to evaluate the suitability of candidate human resources (software developers) considering their technical skills (i.e., provided skills) and the technical skills required to perform a software development task (i.e., task-related skills). The proposed approach is based on qualitative evaluations which are derived in the form of fuzzy linguistic 2-tuples from a group of decision makers (project managers). The approach applies a group/similarity degree-based aggregation technique to obtain an objective aggregation of the ratings of task-related skills and provided skills. To further analyse the suitability of each candidate developer, possible skill relationships are considered, which reflect the contribution of provided skills to the capability of learning other skills. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated and discussed through an exemplar case study scenario.

Vassilis C. Gerogiannis

Elli Rapti

Anthony Karageorgos

Panos Fitsilis

On Using Fuzzy Linguistic 2-Tuples for the Evaluation of Human Resource Suitability in Software Development Tasks

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Advances in Software Engineering