EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Volume 2005 (2005), Issue 12, Pages 1780-1793
doi:10.1155/ASP.2005.1780

Perceptual Audio Hashing Functions

Hamza Özer,1,2 Bülent Sankur,1 Nasir Memon,3 and Emin Anarım1

1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
2National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology, Tubitak, Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey
3Department of Computer and Information Science, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn 11201, NY, USA

Received 13 September 2004; Revised 16 February 2005

Academic Editor: Mark Kahrs

Copyright © 2005 Hamza Özer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Perceptual hash functions provide a tool for fast and reliable identification of content. We present new audio hash functions based on summarization of the time-frequency spectral characteristics of an audio document. The proposed hash functions are based on the periodicity series of the fundamental frequency and on singular-value description of the cepstral frequencies. They are found, on one hand, to perform very satisfactorily in identification and verification tests, and on the other hand, to be very resilient to a large variety of attacks. Moreover, we address the issue of security of hashes and propose a keying technique, and thereby a key-dependent hash function.