Review of Topical Treatment of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Table 1

Mechanism of immunotherapy agents.

BCG	Inflammatory host response
	Release of cytokines
Interferon	Lymphocyte activation
	Cytokine release
	Phagocyte stimulation
	Antiproliferative actions
	Antiangiogenic
Thiotepa	Alkylating agent
	Crosslinks nucleic acids
Mitomycin C	Inhibits DNA synthesis
Gemcitabine	Deoxyctidine analog
	Inhibits DNA synthesis