Copyright © 2009 Georgios Koukourakis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. C. R. Porter, K. C. Latchamsetty, and E. M. Genega, “Urothelial neoplasms of the kidney and ureter: an epidemiologic, pathological and clinical review,” AUA Update Series, vol. 24, pp. 77–84, 2005.
2. H. Grabstald, W. F. Whitmore, and M. R. Melamed, “Renal pelvic tumors,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 218, no. 6, pp. 845–854, 1971. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
3. D. G. Wagle, R. H. Moore, and G. P. Murphy, “Primary carcinoma of the renal pelvis,” Cancer, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1642–1648, 1974. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
4. C. C. Say and J. M. Hori, “Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis: experience from 1940 to 1972 and literature review,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 438–442, 1974.
5. B. N. Nocks, N. M. Heney, J. J. Dally, T. A. Perrone, P. P. Griffin, and G. R. Prout, Jr., “Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis,” Urology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 472–477, 1982. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
6. D. A. Grace, W. N. Taylor, J. N. Taylor, and C. C. Winter, “Carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a 15-year review,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 566–569, 1967.
7. K. B. Cummings, R. J. Correa, R. P. Gibbons, H. M. Stoll, R. F. Wheelis, and J. T. Mason, “Renal pelvic tumors,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 158–162, 1975.
8. M. A. Rubenstein, B. J. Walz, and J. G. Bucy, “Transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney: 25-year experience,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 119, no. 5, pp. 594–597, 1978.
9. N. M. Heney, B. N. Nocks, J. J. Daly, P. H. Blitzer, and E. C. Parkhurst, “Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the ureter,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 125, no. 5, pp. 632–636, 1981.
10. E. Mazeman, “Tumours of the upper urinary tract calyces, renal pelvis and ureter,” European Urology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 120–126, 1976.
11. M. C. Hall, S. Womack, A. I. Sagalowsky, T. Carmody, M. D. Erickstad, and C. G. Roehrborn, “Prognostic factors, recurrence, and survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: a 30-year experience in 252 patients,” Urology, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 594–601, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
12. I. S. Gill, G. T. Sung, M. G. Hobart, et al., “Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: the Cleveland Clinic experience,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 164, no. 5, pp. 1513–1522, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
13. A. L. Shalhav, M. D. Dunn, A. J. Portis, A. M. Elbahnasy, E. M. McDougall, and R. V. Clayman, “Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer: the Washington University experience,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 163, no. 4, pp. 1100–1104, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
14. R. V. Clayman, L. R. Kavoussi, R. S. Figenshau, P. S. Chandhoke, and D. M. Albala, “Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: initial clinical case report,” Journal of Laparoendoscopic Surgery, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 343–349, 1991.
15. A. Goel, A. K. Hemal, and N. P. Gupta, “Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy and comparison with open surgery,” World Journal of Urology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 219–223, 2002.
16. H. C. Klingler, M. Lodde, A. Pycha, M. Remzi, G. Janetschek, and M. Marberger, “Modified laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer is not associated with an increased risk of tumour recurrence,” European Urology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 442–447, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
17. E. M. McDougall, R. V. Clayman, and O. Elashry, “Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer: the Washington University experience,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 154, no. 3, pp. 975–980, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
18. A. Kawauchi, A. Fujito, O. Ukimura, K. Yoneda, Y. Mizutani, and T. Miki, “Hand assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy: comparison with the open procedure,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 169, no. 3, pp. 890–894, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
19. M. D. Stifelman, M. J. Hyman, S. Shichman, and R. E. Sosa, “Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy versus open nephroureterectomy for the treatment of transitional-cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 391–395, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
20. J. Landman, R. Y. Lev, S. Bhayani, et al., “Comparison of hand assisted and standard laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for the management of localized transitional cell carcinoma,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 167, no. 6, pp. 2387–2391, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
21. J. R. Steinberg and S. F. Matin, “Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy: dilemma of the distal ureter,” Current Opinion in Urology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 61–65, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
22. Y. Matsui, H. Ohara, K. Ichioka, et al., “Retroperitoneoscopy-assisted total nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma,” Urology, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1010–1015, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
23. I. S. Gill, J. J. Soble, S. D. Miller, and G. T. Sung, “A novel technique for management of the en bloc bladder cuff and distal ureter during laparoscopic nephroureterectomy,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 430–434, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
24. F. X. Keeley, Jr. and D. A. Tolley, “Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: making management of upper-tract transitional-cell carcinoma entirely minimally invasive,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 139–141, 1998.
25. I. S. Gill and J. J. Rassweiler, “Retroperitoneoscopic renal surgery: our approach,” Urology, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 734–738, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
26. B. D. Seifman, J. E. Montie, and J. S. Wolf, Jr., “Prospective comparison between hand-assisted laparoscopic and open surgical nephroureterectomy for urothelial cell carcinoma,” Urology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 133–137, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
27. T. E. Ahlering, D. Skarecky, D. Lee, and R. V. Clayman, “Successful transfer of open surgical skills to a laparoscopic environment using a robotic interface: initial experience with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 170, no. 5, pp. 1738–1741, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
28. M. T. Gettman, M. L. Blute, G. K. Chow, R. Neururer, G. Bartsch, and R. Peschel, “Robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: technique and initial clinical experience with daVinci robotic system,” Urology, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 914–918, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
29. M. D. Stifelman, R. P. Caruso, A. M. Nieder, and S. S. Taneja, “Robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy,” JSLS, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 83–86, 2005.
30. C. K. Phillips, S. S. Taneja, and M. D. Stifelman, “Robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: the NYU technique,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 441–445, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
31. R. P. Caruso, C. K. Phillips, E. Kau, S. S. Taneja, and M. D. Stifelman, “Robot assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: initial experience,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 176, no. 1, pp. 36–39, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
32. S. Kaul, R. Laungani, R. Sarle, et al., “da Vinci-assisted robotic partial nephrectomy: technique and results at a mean of 15 months of follow-up,” European Urology, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 186–192, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
33. L. A. Deane, H. J. Lee, G. N. Box, et al., “Robotic versus standard laparoscopic partial/wedge nephrectomy: a comparison of intraoperative and perioperative results from a single institution,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 947–952, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
34. M. D. Stifelman, R. E. Sosa, A. Andrade, A. Tarantino, and S. J. Shichman, “Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract,” Urology, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 741–747, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
35. S. Matin and I. S. Gill, “Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with various forms of bladder cuff control II: patterns of survival,” J Endourol, vol. 17, p. A74, 2003.
36. S. A. McNeill, M. Chrisofos, and D. A. Tolley, “The long-term outcome after laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: a comparison with open nephroureterectomy,” BJU International, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 619–623, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
37. Y. Yoshino, Y. Ono, R. Hattori, M. Gotoh, O. Kamihira, and S. Ohshima, “Retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter: Nagoya experience,” Urology, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 533–538, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
38. P. S. Chandhoke, R. V. Clayman, K. Kerbl, et al., “Laparoscopic ureterectomy: initial clinical experience,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 149, no. 5, pp. 992–997, 1993.
39. S. M. Baughman, W. Sexton, and J. T. Bishoff, “Multiple intravesical linear staples identified during surveillance cystoscopy after laparoscopic nephroureterectomy,” Urology, vol. 62, no. 2, p. 351, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
40. O. Arango, O. Bielsa, J. Carles, and A. Gelabert-Mas, “Massive tumor implantation in the endoscopic resected area in modified nephroureterectomy,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 157, no. 5, p. 1839, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
41. J. W. Hetherington, R. Ewing, and N. H. Philp, “Modified nephroureterectomy: a risk of tumour implantation,” British Journal of Urology, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 368–370, 1986.
42. D. R. Jones and C. U. Moisey, “A cautionary tale of the modified “pluck” nephroureterectomy,” British Journal of Urology, vol. 71, no. 4, p. 486, 1993.
43. R. C. Flanigan, “Urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract,” in Campbell-Walsh Urology, A. J. Wein, L. R. Kavoussi, A. C. Novick, A. W. Partin, and C. A. Peters, Eds., vol. 2, pp. 1638–1652, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 9th edition, 2007.
44. G. S. Gerber and G. D. Steinberg, “Endourologic treatment of renal pelvic and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma,” Techniques in Urology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 77–80, 1999.
45. R. H. Houston and B. C. Leibovich, “Management of upper tract tumors,” in Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, N. J. Vogelzang, P. T. Scardino, W. U. Shipley, and D. S. Coffey, Eds., vol. 1, pp. 435–442, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 3rd edition, 2005.
46. A. Sagalowsky, “Management of urothelial tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter,” in Campbell- Walsh Urology, A. J. Wein, L. R. Kavoussi, A. C. Novick, A. W. Partin, and C. A. Peters, Eds., vol. 2, pp. 1653–1687, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 9th edition, 2007.
47. S. Daneshmand, M. L. Quek, and J. L. Huffman, “Endoscopic management of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: long-term experience,” Cancer, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 55–60, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
48. F. X. Keeley, Jr., M. Bibbo, and D. H. Bagley, “Ureteroscopic treatment and surveillance of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 157, no. 5, pp. 1560–1565, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
49. J. A. Martinez-Pineiro, M. J. Garcia Matres, and L. Martinez-Pineiro, “Endourological treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinomas: analysis of a series of 59 tumors,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 377–385, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
50. D. S. Elliott, M. L. Blute, D. E. Patterson, E. J. Bergstralh, and J. W. Segura, “Long-term follow-up of endoscopically treated upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma,” Urology, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 819–825, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
51. J. A. Smith, Jr., “Review: tissue effects of laser energy,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 389–390, 1993.
52. A. Huang, R. K. Low, and R. D. White, “Nephrostomy tract tumor seeding following percutaneous manipulation of a ureteral carcinoma,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 153, no. 3, Supplement 1, pp. 1041–1042, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
53. Y. Yamada, Y. Kobayashi, A. Yao, K. Yamanaka, Y. Takechi, and K. Umezu, “Nephrostomy tract tumor seeding following percutaneous manipulation of a renal pelvic carcinoma,” Acta Urologica Japonica, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 415–418, 2002.
54. T. W. Jarrett, P. M. Sweetser, G. H. Weiss, and A. D. Smith, “Percutaneous management of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal collecting system: 9-year experience,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 154, no. 5, pp. 1629–1635, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
55. P. E. Clark, S. B. Streem, and M. A. Geisinger, “13-year experience with percutaneous management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 772–776, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
56. A. Patel, P. Soonawalla, S. F. Shepherd, D. P. Dearnaley, M. J. Kellett, and C. R. J. Woodhouse, “Long-term outcome after percutaneous treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 868–874, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
57. E. R. Tawfiek and D. H. Bagley, “Upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma,” Urology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 321–329, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
58. G. L. Chen and D. H. Bagley, “Ureteroscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with normal contralateral kidneys,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 164, no. 4, pp. 1173–1176, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
59. D. S. Elliott, J. W. Segura, D. Lightner, D. E. Patterson, and M. L. Blute, “Is nephroureterectomy necessary in all cases of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma? Long-term results of conservative endourologic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in individuals with a normal contralateral kidney,” Urology, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 174–178, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
60. M. Grasso, M. Fraiman, and M. Levine, “Ureteropyeloscopic diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial malignancies,” Urology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 240–246, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
61. A. Patel and G. J. Fuchs, “New techniques for the administration of topical adjuvant therapy after endoscopic ablation of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 71–75, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
62. D. W. Soderdahl, M. D. Fabrizio, N. U. Rahman, T. W. Jarrett, and D. H. Bagley, “Endoscopic treatment of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma,” Urologic Oncology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 114–122, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
63. S. Boorjian, C. Ng, R. Munver, et al., “Impact of delay to nephroureterectomy for patients undergoing ureteroscopic biopsy and laser tumor ablation of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma,” Urology, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 283–287, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
64. H. Okada, H. Eto, I. Hara, et al., “Percutaneous treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract,” International Journal of Urology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 130–133, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
65. M. Rouprêt, O. Traxer, M. Tligui, et al., “Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: recurrence rate after percutaneous endoscopic resection,” European Urology, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 709–714, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
66. B. R. Lee, M. E. Jabbour, F. F. Marshall, A. D. Smith, and T. W. Jarrett, “13-year survival comparison of percutaneous and open nephroureterectomy approaches for management of transitional cell carcinoma of renal collecting system: Equivalent outcomes,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 289–294, 1999.
67. S. E. Canfield, C. P. N. Dinney, and M. J. Droller, “Surveillance and management of recurrence for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma,” Urologic Clinics of North America, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 791–802, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
68. H. Komatsu, N. Tanabe, S. Kubodera, H. Maezawa, and A. Ueno, “The role of lymphadenectomy in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 157, no. 5, pp. 1622–1624, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
69. M. Abdel-Latif, H. Abol-Enein, M. El-Baz, and M. A. Ghoneim, “Nodal involvement in bladder cancer cases treated with radical cystectomy: incidence and prognosis,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 85–89, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
70. H. Miyake, I. Kara, K. Gohji, S. Arakawa, and S. Kamidono, “The significance of lymphadenectomy in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract,” British Journal of Urology, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 494–498, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
71. M. A. Brausi, M. Gavioli, G. De Luca, et al., “Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLD) in conjunction with nephroureterectomy in the treatment of infiltrative transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract: impact on survival,” European Urology, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1414–1420, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
72. M. Roscigno, C. Cozzarini, R. Bertini, et al., “Prognostic value of lymph node dissection in patients with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract,” European Urology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 794–802, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
73. G. A. Brown, J. E. Busby, C. G. Wood, et al., “Nephroureterectomy for treating upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: time to change the treatment paradigm?,” BJU International, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1176–1180, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
74. M. Roscigno, C. Cozzarini, R. Bertini, et al., “Prognostic value of lymph node dissection in patients with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract,” European Urology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 794–802, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
75. E. Mukamel, E. Vilkovsky, H. Hadar, D. Engelstein, B. Nussbaum, and C. Servadio, “The effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy on the upper urinary tract,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 146, no. 4, pp. 980–981, 1991.
76. G. C. Bellman, P. Sweetser, and A. D. Smith, “Complications of intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guérin after percutaneous resection of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 13–15, 1994.
77. G. N. Thalmann, R. Markwalder, B. Walter, and U. E. Studer, “Long-term experience with bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients not eligible for surgery,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 168, no. 4, part 1, pp. 1381–1385, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
78. J. R. Sharpe, G. Duffy, and J. L. Chin, “Intrarenal bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for upper urinary tract carcinoma in situ,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 457–460, 1993.
79. N. Nonomura, Y. Ono, M. Nozawa, et al., “Bacillus Calmette-Guérin perfusion therapy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in situ of the upper urinary tract,” European Urology, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 701–705, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
80. H. Yokogi, Y. Wada, M. Mizutani, M. Igawa, and T. Ishibe, “Bacillus Calmette-Guérin perfusion therapy for carcinoma in situ of the upper urinary tract,” British Journal of Urology, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 676–679, 1996.
81. K. Okubo, K. Ichioka, N. Terada, Y. Matsuta, K. Yoshimura, and Y. Arai, “Intrarenal bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for carcinoma in situ of the upper urinary tract: long-term follow-up and natural course in cases of failure,” BJU International, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 343–347, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
82. Y. Nishino, N. Yamamoto, H. Komeda, Y. Takahashi, and T. Deguchi, “Bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation treatment for carcinoma in situ of the upper urinary tract,” BJU International, vol. 85, no. 7, pp. 799–801, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
83. H. W. Herr, “Durable response of a carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis to topical bacillus Calmette-Guérin,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 531–532, 1985.
84. S. P. Vasavada, S. B. Streem, and A. C. Novick, “Definitive tumor resection and percutaneous Bacille Calmette Calmette-Guérin for management of renal pelvictransitional cell carcinoma in solitary kidneys,” Urology, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 381–386, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
85. J. C. Ramsey and M. S. Soloway, “Instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin into the renal pelvis of a solitary kidney of the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 143, no. 6, pp. 1220–1222, 1990.
86. M. A. Batata, W. F. Whitmore, Jr., B. S. Hilaris, H. Grabstald, and N. Tokita, “Primary carcinoma of the ureter: a prognostic study,” Cancer, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1626–1632, 1975. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
87. C. Reitelman, I. S. Sawczuk, C. A. Olsson, P. J. Puchner, and M. C. Benson, “Prognostic variables in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 1144–1145, 1987.
88. S. C. Cozad, S. R. Smalley, M. Austenfeld, M. Noble, S. Jennings, and R. Raymond, “Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter: patterns of failure,” Urology, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 796–800, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
89. R. K. Brookland and M. P. Richter, “The postoperative irradiation of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 133, no. 6, pp. 952–955, 1985.
90. M. Ozsahin, A. Zouhair, S. Villà, et al., “Prognostic factors in urothelial renal pelvis and ureter tumours: a multicentre rare cancer network study,” European Journal of Cancer, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 738–743, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
91. R. J. Babaian and D. E. Johnson, “Primary carcinoma of the ureter,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 357–359, 1980.
92. C. Maulard-Durdux, B. Dufour, C. Hennequin, et al., “Postoperative radiation therapy in 26 patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: no impact on survival?,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 115–117, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
93. C. N. Catton, P. Warde, M. K. Gospodarowicz, et al., “Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter: outcome and patterns of relapse in patients treated with postoperative radiation,” Urologic Oncology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 171–176, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
94. B. Czito, A. Zietman, D. Kaufman, U. Skowronski, and W. Shipley, “Adjuvant radiotherapy with and without concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 172, no. 4, part 1, pp. 1271–1275, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
95. H. B. Grossman, R. B. Natale, C. M. Tangen, et al., “Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 349, no. 9, pp. 859–866, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
96. International Collaboration of Trialists, “Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial,” The Lancet, vol. 354, no. 9178, pp. 533–540, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
97. J. T. Roberts, H. von der Maase, L. Sengeløv, et al., “Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine/ cisplatin and methotrexate/vinblastine/doxorubicin/cisplatin in patients with locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 17, pp. v118–v122, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed